Learning Objective – Today I will be able to summarize the events that led to expansions of Japan, Italy, & Germany. Agenda 1.Learning Objective 2.Lecture Notes: Ch Aggressors Invade Nations 3.Hitler: Rise of Evil 4.Exit Slip

Title Notes: Ch Aggressors Invade Nations By the mid-1930s: – Germany & Italy controlled by fascist. – Western Nations (GB, France, & US) are distracted by economic problems & want to remain peaceful.

Japan Seeks to be an Empire – Military had very little influenced, controlled by emperor. – 1922, signed peace treaty to respect China’s borders. – 1928, signed Kellogg-Briand Pact to renounce war. Japanese Emperor, Hirohito ruled from

1929, Great Depression hit, Japanese blamed it on the government. – Military leaders gained support to win control over Japan. – Unlike the fascist, Japanese military leaders did not want a new gov.  They wanted to bring old traditions back. – Emperor Hirohito, head of state & symbol of power. – Militarist wanted to expand Japan to solve its economic problems.

Japanese militarist planned a Pacific Empire: – Conquer China & other Asian nations. 1931, Japan seized Manchuria – For its resources in iron & coal. – First challenge against League of Nations

– 1933, Japan withdrew from League of Nations – 1937, Japan took over Nanjing & Beijing (in China) War led by Jiang Jieshi – Mao Zedong, China’s Communist leader continued to fight Japanese. Japanese soldiers celebrating the capture of Hankow (temporary Chinese capital after the fall of Nanking)

Mussolini Attacks Ethiopia – Oct. 1935, Mussolini ordered invasion of Ethiopia – Dream to make Italy a colonial empire – Spears & swords of Ethiopians were no match to the airplanes, tanks, guns, & poison gas to Italian military.

Haile Selassie, Ethiopian leader, urged League of Nations for help. Members League of Nations did nothing. British-controlled Suez Canal allowed Italians to use canal to transport troops & supplies to attack Ethiopia. – Britain & France hoped to keep peace in Europe.

Hitler defies Treaty of Versailles – 1935, the Fuhrer announced expansion of army Disobeyed the treaty. League of Nations did nothing.

– Germany forbidden to enter 30-mile-wide zone of Rhine River. Buffer between France & Germany Industrial area – March 7, 1936 German troops moved into Rhineland.

Appeasement – British appease Hitler by allowing him to reoccupy Rhineland & increase German military. – Hitler later admitted he would have backed down if France & GB challenged him.

Rhineland reoccupation marked the march towards war because: – Hitler’s power & prestige strengthen – Germany gained more power in Europe. – Belgium & France can be easily attacked by Germany. – France & Britain showed weakness.

Axis Powers – Alliance between Germany, Italy, & Japan – Oct Mussolini sought alliance w/ Germany  Rome-Berlin Axis – A month later Germany & Japan allied.

Spanish Civil War – Liberals & Socialist vs. Nationalist – Liberals & socialist were democratic & republic, ran the gov in Spain. Supported by Soviet Union – Nationalist were fascist, wanted take over gov. – Francisco Franco, fascist general revolted against the government. July 1936 Supported by Italy & Germany – 1939, Franco became Spain’s Fascist dictator.

Isolationism – US foreign policy of avoiding ties with other countries – 1935, three Neutrality Acts passed to support isolationism  banned loans & sale of arms to nations at war.

Third Reich – 3 rd German empire that includes Austria & Czechoslovakia – March 1937, annexed Austria. – Violated Anschluss in the Treaty of Versailles Union between Austria & Germany

– Sep. 1938, Hitler demands Sudetenland to be given to Germany. Western border of Czechoslovakia 3 million German-speaking ppl & some are pro-Nazism – Czech gov. asked France for help

Munich Conference – Sep 29, 1938 in Munich, Germany – Meeting between Germany, Italy, France, & Britain Proposed by Mussolini – Britain & France appease Hitler, again & give into his demands. Germany gains Sudetenland GB & France want to preserve peace in Europe. – Czechs not invited. In the early hours of 30th September 1938, the Munich agreement was signed by Hitler (Germany), Chamberlain (UK), Mussolini (Italy) and Daladier (France) in Munich. It was a black hole in the recent history of Europe and dark side of what we call Western Civilization.

Hitler takes over Czechoslovakia – Less than 6 months after Munich Conference Mussolini takes over Albania Hitler later demands Poland to return Danzig (port) – Poland turns to GB & France for help – Hitler convinced he will be appeased, again.

France & GB seek alliance with Soviet Union to stop Hitler. Stalin bargained with Hitler – Aug. 23, 1939, Hitler & Stalin agreed to Nonaggression Pact  To not attack each other.

Western Nations mistake: – Isolationism by US – Appeasing Hitler multiple times.

Timeline Which events had the greatest impact its own expansion? – Japan (3 events) Date Use complete sentences – Germany (3 events) Date Use complete sentences

Exit Slip What events do you believe had the greatest impact of the war that is to come?