Psychology 3051 Psychology 305: Theories of Personality Lecture 14

Office Hour Invitations by Student Number July 5 th, 3:30-4:30, Kenny

Midterm Exam: July 5 th, 2011 The exam will be scored out of 50 points: 30 multiple choice questions (1 point each) 6-7 short answer questions (ranging in value from 2 to 6 points, totaling 20 points) Please arrive on time to facilitate rapid distribution of the exams.

4 Bring a pencil, eraser, pen, and your student ID to the exam. All electronic devices must be put away before the start of the exam. Bags and backpacks should be left at the front of the room. Please do not bring valuables to the exam. Hats (e.g., baseball caps) should not be worn during the exam.

Psychology 3055 The Neoanalytic Perspective 1. What are the major correlates of attachment styles? Lecture 14

By the end of today’s class, you should be able to: 6 1. identify the correlates of secure and insecure attachment styles.

Psychology 3057 What are the major correlates of attachment styles? Research has revealed a number of associations between attachment styles and relationship outcomes, emotion regulation, and personality. In contrast to individuals who have an insecure attachment style (i.e., ambivalent, preoccupied, avoidant, fearful, dismissing, disoriented), individuals who have a secure attachment style:

Psychology 3058  are more satisfied in their relationships (e.g., Cohen, 2006; Keelan, Dion, & Dion, 1994).  are more likely to seek support from and provide support to their partners when distressed (e.g., Fraley & Shaver, 1998).

Psychology 3059  are more likely to use conflict-resolution strategies that involve compromise (e.g., Campbell et al., 2005; Pistole,1989).  are less likely to infer hostile and rejecting intentions in ambiguous behaviour displayed by a partner (e.g., Collins, 1996).  have relatively high levels of self-esteem (e.g., Bartholomew & Horowitz, 1991).

Psychology  are less likely to experience depression (avoidant individuals report the highest levels of depression; e.g., Hankin et al., 2005).  are less likely to suffer from eating disorders (e.g., Brennan & Shaver, 1995) and anxiety disorders (e.g., Warren et al., 1997)  are less likely to drink alcohol when coping with stress (e.g., Brennan & Shaver, 1995).

Psychology  are less likely to engage in spousal abuse (the highest incidence of spousal assault has been found among preoccupied and fearful men; Dutton et al., 1994).  are less likely to engage in child abuse (e.g., Moncher, 1996)  experience greater satisfaction with work (e.g., Vasquez, Durik, & Hyde, 2002)

Psychology  are relatively low in neuroticism, high in agreeableness, and high in extraversion (preoccupied individuals are highest in neuroticism, whereas avoidant individuals are lowest in agreeableness and extraversion; e.g., Shaver & Brennan, 1992).

Psychology Adolf Hitler: Discussion Questions 1. Freud suggested that personality is comprised of 3 components—the id, the ego, and the superego. Which of these components do you think dominated Hitler’s personality? 2. Do you think that Hitler was primarily driven by life instincts (eros) or death instincts (thanatos)? 3. Do you think that Hitler was fixated at an early stage of psychosexual development? If so, at what stage? What experiences or personality characteristics lead you to believe that he was fixated at this stage? Analysis of the Personality of a Dictator

Psychology Discussion Questions, continued 4. Which defense mechanisms do you think Hitler used? Generate examples to illustrate his use of these defense mechanisms. 5. How can Adler’s concepts of inferiority feelings, superiority strivings, and lifestyles be applied to Hitler? 6.Which of Loevinger’s stages of ego development did Hitler pass through during the course of his life? 7.Speculate upon Hitler’s attachment style as an adult.

Psychology The Id: Encompasses drives and instincts. Operates according to the pleasure principle. Engages in primary process thought. Cannot tolerate delay in gratification or follow logic. Freud’s 3 components of personality: 2. The Ego: Primary task is to express the drives and instincts of the id in an effective and safe manner. Operates according to the reality principle. Engages in secondary process thought. Does not abide by any moral code.

Psychology The Superego: Encompasses values, morals, and ideals internalized from one’s parents. Primary tasks are to (a) inhibit drives or instincts of the id that would be frowned upon by one’s parents, (b) ensure that the ego acts morally rather than merely logically, and (c) provide standards of perfection toward which to strive (often unrealistic).

Psychology Oral Stage (0 – 18 months) Freud’s stages of psychosexual development:  Main conflict at this stage occurs when the infant is weaned from the breast. 2.Anal Stage (18 months – 3 years)  Main conflict at this stage occurs when the child is toilet trained.

Psychology Phallic Stage (3 – 5 years) Fixation results in poor moral development in both males and females.  Main conflict at this stage is referred to as the Oedipus Complex for boys and the Electra Complex for girls.

Psychology Latency Stage (6 years – puberty) There are no specific conflicts at this time; a stage of relative calm, in which there is little psychological growth. There are no specific conflicts at this time; the stage of “psychosexual maturity,” at which point the individual is transformed into a “well-socialized, caring adult.” 5. Genital Stage (puberty – adulthood)

Psychology Freud’s defense mechanisms: 1. Repression: Occurs when information that was once recognized by the conscious mind is forced into the unconscious mind because it is threatening. 2. Denial: Occurs when an individual denies the reality of information that is threatening, despite evidence to the contrary. Thus, the information is never consciously accepted. 3. Projection: Occurs when an individual projects unconscious, unacceptable qualities onto another object or person.

Psychology Reaction Formation: Occurs when an individual behaves in a manner that is the direct opposite of his/her unconscious, unacceptable impulses. 5. Displacement: Occurs when an individual redirects an unconscious, unacceptable impulse to another, less threatening object or person. 6. Rationalization: Occurs when an individual provides a rational and acceptable “post-hoc” explanation for a behaviour that was motivated by unconscious, unacceptable impulses.

Psychology Intellectualization: Occurs when an individual emotionally dissociates him/herself from unconscious, unacceptable impulses by thinking about events related to the impulse in a cold and analytical manner. 8. Regression: Occurs when an individual adopts coping strategies that were effective in an earlier, less frustrating stage of development. The individual retreats to more immature patterns of behaviour and gratification.

Psychology Identification: Occurs when an individual incorporates another person’s values, opinions, ideas, and skills as a whole, “taking in” the other person’s personality. 10. Sublimation: Occurs when an individual channels unconscious, unacceptable impulses into socially desirable activities.

Psychology Adler’s concepts: 1. Inferiority feelings: Feelings of inadequacy that first arise during childhood due to our dependency upon others. 2. Superiority strivings: Efforts to compensate for inferiority feelings; reflects the desire to be competent in whatever one strives to do and to actualize one’s potential; continuously cycles with inferiority feelings to produce the “great upward drive.”

Psychology Lifestyles: The primary means by which one attempts to compensate for inferiority feelings (i.e., strive for superiority); established in childhood. Adler identified 4 primary lifestyles—1 “healthy” lifestyle and 3 “mistaken” lifestyles:

Psychology The socially useful lifestyle: Characterized by social interest and activity and a desire to resolve problems in a socially responsible way; a “healthy” lifestyle. The avoiding lifestyle: Characterized by inactivity, a lack of interest, and a fear of involvement; a “mistaken” lifestyle.

Psychology The getting lifestyle: Characterized by greed and an excessive dependency upon others; a “mistaken” lifestyle. The ruling lifestyle: Characterized by little social interest or inaccurate cultural perceptions and a desire to dominate or rule others; a “mistaken” lifestyle.

Psychology Inferiority complex: A psychological condition that exists when one is overwhelmed by inferiority feelings; may result in stagnation (i.e., lack of strivings) or in overcompensation (i.e., inappropriate strivings). 5. Superiority complex: A psychological condition that exists when one concentrates too much on his or her own need to strive while ignoring the needs of others; reflects overcompensation; such an individual tends to be vain, domineering, and arrogant.

Psychology Loevinger’s Stages of Ego Development 1. Symbiotic stage: Work to acquire a sense of separation between self and non-self. 3. Self-protective stage: Begins to grasp rules, but only as guides to avoid punishment; no moral sense; personal expediency, opportunism. 2. Impulsive stage: Assertion of self through impulse expression; relationships with others are exploitive, for own needs.

Psychology Conformist stage: Rules adopted because they are accepted by group; concerned with appearing properly to the social group. 6. Conscientious stage: Use of self-evaluated standards rather than group’s norms; realization that events have multiple meanings. 5. Self-aware stage: Realization that rules have exceptions; increased introspection, with increased awareness that own behaviour isn’t perfect.

Psychology Individualistic stage: Clearer sense of individuality; greater tolerance for individual differences. 9. Integrated stage: Conflicting demands have been resolved; not just tolerance, but intense appreciation of others’ viewpoints. 8. Autonomous stage: Realization of interdependency among people; awareness of conflicts among one’s own needs; recognition of others’ need for autonomy; search for self-fulfillment.