Unit 10 Strong forms & weak forms

Strong forms & Weak forms Strong forms: stressed forms Strong forms: stressed forms Weak forms: unstressed forms (schwa /  /) Weak forms: unstressed forms (schwa /  /)

The importance of learning unstressed forms 1. Most native speakers of English find an “ all- strong form ” pronunciation very unpleasant. 1. Most native speakers of English find an “ all- strong form ” pronunciation very unpleasant. 2 Learners who are not familiar with the use of weak forms are likely to have difficulty understanding native speaker. 2 Learners who are not familiar with the use of weak forms are likely to have difficulty understanding native speaker.

Main features of the weak forms reductions of the length of sounds reductions of the length of sounds Obscuration of vowels towards the schwa Obscuration of vowels towards the schwa Elision of vowels and consonants Elision of vowels and consonants

Words Strong Vowels Weak Vowels at /  / /  / has /  / /  / she /  :/ /  / could /  / /  /

How are strong forms changed into weak forms? From strong vowels to weak ones /  / From strong vowels to weak ones /  / Prepositions at for from of to Prepositions at for from of to Aux verbs am are can do does had has have must shall should was were will would Aux verbs am are can do does had has have must shall should was were will would Adverbs conjunctions articles a an and as but some than that the Adverbs conjunctions articles a an and as but some than that the Pronouns her them us you your Pronouns her them us you your

From strong vowels to weak ones /  / From strong vowels to weak ones /  / be been he him his she we be been he him his she we /  / dropping /  / dropping Weak forms which drop their initial /  / except at the beginning of utterances Weak forms which drop their initial /  / except at the beginning of utterances had has had have he her him his had has had have he her him his

Practice Speaking Imitation Speaking Imitation A. Determiners:"a", "an", "the", "her", "his", "our", "some","your" A. Determiners:"a", "an", "the", "her", "his", "our", "some","your" 1.a breakTake a break. 1.a breakTake a break. 2.a ringBuy a ring. 2.a ringBuy a ring. 3.an answer Give an answer. 3.an answer Give an answer. 4.an ideaHave an idea. 4.an ideaHave an idea. 5.the carTake the car. 5.the carTake the car. 6.the girlHelp the girl. 6.the girlHelp the girl. 7.the others Meet the others. 7.the others Meet the others. 8.the apple Get the apple. 8.the apple Get the apple. 9.her coatTake her coat. 9.her coatTake her coat. 10.her bagWatch her bag. 10.her bagWatch her bag. 11.his watch Use his watch. 11.his watch Use his watch. 12.his wifeSee his wife. 12.his wifeSee his wife. 13.our schoolNear our school. 13.our schoolNear our school. 14.our classroom Clean our classroom. 14.our classroom Clean our classroom. 15.some teaHave some tea. 15.some teaHave some tea. 16.some waterGet some water. 16.some waterGet some water. 17.your boss Tell your boss. 17.your boss Tell your boss.

B. Pronouns: “ he ”, “ me ”, “ she ”, “ them ”, “ us ”, “ we ”, “ you ”, “ him ” B. Pronouns: “ he ”, “ me ”, “ she ”, “ them ”, “ us ”, “ we ”, “ you ”, “ him ” Did he say that? Did he say that? Make sure that he is on time. Make sure that he is on time. Tell me how to do it. Tell me how to do it. Give me a new book. Give me a new book. What is she doing? What is she doing? When did she come? When did she come? Ask them to go. Ask them to go. I told them to finish it as soon as possible. I told them to finish it as soon as possible. He gave us a talk the other day. He gave us a talk the other day. He showed us round the campus. He showed us round the campus. When are we going? When are we going? Are you sure we can go now? Are you sure we can go now? Did you see the old man? Did you see the old man? I heard you singing. I heard you singing. Give him what he wants. Give him what he wants. I saw him reading in the classroom. I saw him reading in the classroom. How did he come last night? How did he come last night? I am not sure if he is coming. I am not sure if he is coming. Does she know about it? Does she know about it? You know him, don't you? You know him, don't you?

C. Connectives: "and", "as", "but", "so", "than", "that" C. Connectives: "and", "as", "but", "so", "than", "that" He said that over and over again. He said that over and over again. She keeps cats and dogs. She keeps cats and dogs. They were playing hide and seek. They were playing hide and seek. He took off his hat and coat. He took off his hat and coat. It looks as white as snow. It looks as white as snow. Just as you like. Just as you like. Please do as I do. Please do as I do. She is tired but happy. She is tired but happy. Last but not least. Last but not least. I'll do anything but that. I'll do anything but that. It's not so cold today. It's not so cold today. It is not so much as that. It is not so much as that. It is easier than I thought it would be. It is easier than I thought it would be. It is bigger than this. It is bigger than this. He is much better than the others. He is much better than the others. He said that we could have it. He said that we could have it. Tell them that we are not going. Tell them that we are not going. I think that we'll have enough. I think that we'll have enough. He told me that everybody was happy. He told me that everybody was happy. Are you sure that we can finish it by the end of the week? Are you sure that we can finish it by the end of the week?

D. Auxiliary verbs (1): "am", "are", "be", "do", "does", "is", "was", "were", D. Auxiliary verbs (1): "am", "are", "be", "do", "does", "is", "was", "were", Where an I going? Where an I going? What are you doing? What are you doing? They'll be able to do it. They'll be able to do it. How do you go to school? How do you go to school? When does he leave for school in the morning? When does he leave for school in the morning? It is coming back soon. It is coming back soon. That was all. That was all. They were all there. They were all there. The cakes are awful. The cakes are awful. They were afraid of him. They were afraid of him. When are they leaving? When are they leaving? They're afraid of him. They're afraid of him. Will they be able to do it? Will they be able to do it? Do you know all the words? Do you know all the words? What does he do on Sunday? What does he do on Sunday? What time does it start? What time does it start? Where were the boys last night? Where were the boys last night? He was late last night. He was late last night. It was snowing the whole morning. It was snowing the whole morning. They were all out. They were all out.

E. Auxiliary verbs (2): "can", "had", "has", "have", "must", "shall", "will", "would" E. Auxiliary verbs (2): "can", "had", "has", "have", "must", "shall", "will", "would" All the kids can read now. All the kids can read now. How many cards had he written before you called last night? How many cards had he written before you called last night? What has he done? What has he done? They have all gone. They have all gone. We must work harder. We must work harder. We shall need to hurry. We shall need to hurry. That will do, I hope. That will do, I hope. That would be a great help. That would be a great help. The bus had already left. The bus had already left. What shall we do if it rains? What shall we do if it rains? Can you come at eight? Can you come at eight? How can I help you? How can I help you? You'd better run. You'd better run. The train had already left when we arrived. The train had already left when we arrived. He's read all the books. He's read all the books. She must have been here for quite a while. She must have been here for quite a while. They've been here for an hour. They've been here for an hour. Shall we go now? Shall we go now? Will you do me a favour? Will you do me a favour? Would you like to come? Would you like to come?

F. Prepositions: "at", "for", "from", "of", "to" F. Prepositions: "at", "for", "from", "of", "to" They are at school. They are at school. They arrived at eleven. They arrived at eleven. They finished it at last. They finished it at last. I'll talk about it at noon. I'll talk about it at noon. He got it for nothing. He got it for nothing. He stayed there for a week. He stayed there for a week. They are all waiting for the bus. They are all waiting for the bus. He did it for my sake. He did it for my sake. I had a call from Bill the other day. I had a call from Bill the other day. Did you get it from a shop? Did you get it from a shop? He is from the states. He is from the states. Try to speak from the experience. Try to speak from the experience. It is very kind of you. It is very kind of you. I am tired of waiting. I am tired of waiting. He keeps a lot of dogs. He keeps a lot of dogs. Give it to me if you like. Give it to me if you like. She walks to school. She walks to school. He wants to talk. He wants to talk. They'd like to go. They'd like to go. I meant to ask you. I meant to ask you.

Listening for Information & Imitation Listening to the following dialogue and answer the questions that follow. Listen again and imitate the pronunciation and intonation in the sentences. (Page 117)

After-class assignments: After-class assignments: 1. Review and remember the weak forms practiced in class. 2. Practice the passage in Unit 9. A Big head and a Big Mouth