LIFE AT THE TURN OF THE 20 TH CENTURY Chapter 8

SCIENCE & URBAN LIFE Section 1

SKYSCRAPERS So many people living in cities, had to be accommodated. So many people living in cities, had to be accommodated. Architects able to build taller buildings b/c of invention of elevators and development of steel. Architects able to build taller buildings b/c of invention of elevators and development of steel.

LOUIS SULLIVAN & DANIEL BURNHAM Sullivan designed the 10 story Wainwright Building in St. Louis Sullivan designed the 10 story Wainwright Building in St. Louis Burnham designed the Flatiron Building in It was a skyscraper at one of NYC’s busiest intersections. Burnham designed the Flatiron Building in It was a skyscraper at one of NYC’s busiest intersections.

Wainwright Building

Flatiron Building in NYC

Electric-powered Street Cars 1888, Richmond, Virginia 1 st city to use electric-powered street cars. 1888, Richmond, Virginia 1 st city to use electric-powered street cars. Soon streetcars carried people from their homes in outlaying neighborhoods to downtown stores, offices, and factories. Soon streetcars carried people from their homes in outlaying neighborhoods to downtown stores, offices, and factories.

City planners tried to make cities more livable by creating parks & rec. City planners tried to make cities more livable by creating parks & rec. areas. Central Park in NYC. Central Park in NYC. Idea of Central Park in 1885 by Frederick Law Olmsted & an architect friend. Idea of Central Park in 1885 by Frederick Law Olmsted & an architect friend.

Daniel Burnham designed elegant parks & sandy beaches along Chicago’s Lake Michigan shores. Daniel Burnham designed elegant parks & sandy beaches along Chicago’s Lake Michigan shores.

New Technology transforms communications… Paper mills High speed printing press AirplaneCamera

Magazines & Newspapers: American mills began to produce huge amounts of cheap paper from wood pulp American mills began to produce huge amounts of cheap paper from wood pulp New kind of high-speed printing press able to print on both sides of paper, making magazines & newspapers more affordable. New kind of high-speed printing press able to print on both sides of paper, making magazines & newspapers more affordable.

Orville & Wilbur Wright Brothers who built the 1 st airplane. Brothers who built the 1 st airplane.

Covered 120 ft. & lasted 12 seconds. 1st successful flight in 1903 at Kitty Hawk, N.C. 1st successful flight in 1903 at Kitty Hawk, N.C.

KODAK CAMERA 1888, George Eastman invented his Kodak camera Provided Americans w/easy way to take pics. Also helped create field of photojournalism.

EXPANDING PUBLIC EDUCATION Section 2

REFORMERS TRY TO IMPROVE EDUCATION B/w 1865 & 1895, 31 states passed laws requiring children from 8 to 14 yrs. old to attend school for at least 3 months a year. B/w 1865 & 1895, 31 states passed laws requiring children from 8 to 14 yrs. old to attend school for at least 3 months a year. Curriculum expanded to prepare students for industrial & office jobs. Curriculum expanded to prepare students for industrial & office jobs.

MORE COLLEGES & UNIVERSITIES! B/w 1880 & 1900, more than 150 new colleges founded in U.S. B/w 1880 & 1900, more than 150 new colleges founded in U.S. From 1880 to 1920, # of students enrolled in college quadrupled. From 1880 to 1920, # of students enrolled in college quadrupled.

In 1900, only 4% of African Americans attended colleges or professional schools: Difficult for private donors to support or educate enough black college graduates to meet the needs of their communities.

Booker T. Washington & W.E.B. Du Bois Washington founded the Tuskegee Normal & Industrial Institute Washington founded the Tuskegee Normal & Industrial Institute He believed that racism would end when blacks acquired useful labor skills & valuable to society. He believed that racism would end when blacks acquired useful labor skills & valuable to society. Du Bois was a black educator who disagreed w/Washington. Du Bois was a black educator who disagreed w/Washington. 1 st black to get doctorate from Harvard. 1 st black to get doctorate from Harvard. Founded the Niagara Movement which insisted that blacks should seek a liberal arts degree. Founded the Niagara Movement which insisted that blacks should seek a liberal arts degree.

Booker T. Washington Booker T. Washington W.E.B. Du Bois W.E.B. Du Bois

SEGREGATION & DISCRIMINATION Section 3

IDA B. WELLS Leader in the fight against discrimination. Tried to end lynching.

African Americans kept from voting in the South…. How? Reading test : Reading test : Gave a literacy test that kept many blacks from being able to vote Poll Tax: Poll Tax: Tax that one had to pay to enter a voting booth.

Grandfather clause Stated that any person could vote if their father or grandfather was qualified to vote before Jan. 1, 1867.

SEGREGATION & JIM CROW LAWS Segregation: Separating people on basis of race. Segregation: Separating people on basis of race. Jim Crow Laws: Laws in Southern states that separated whites & blacks in private & public places. Jim Crow Laws: Laws in Southern states that separated whites & blacks in private & public places.

Barbers No colored barber shall serve as a barber [to] white women or girls. Georgia

PLESSY vs. FERGUSON Supreme Court ruled that separating the races in public places was legal, Supreme Court ruled that separating the races in public places was legal, 1896.

African Americans who did not follow “custom” could face severe punishment like “lynching”…hanged w/out a trial. African Americans in the North also faced discrimination. They lived in segregated neighborhoods. Face discrimination in the workplace too.

DISCRIMINATION IN THE WEST…. Mexicans & Chinese face discrimination HOW?

Mexicans help build Railroad Many hired in the 1880’s & 1890’s to build new rail lines in the Southwest. Many hired in the 1880’s & 1890’s to build new rail lines in the Southwest. Railroad managers paid Mexicans less. Railroad managers paid Mexicans less.

DEBT PEONAGE Mexicans provided much of the farm work in the Southwest ( crops like grapes, lettuce, & citrus fruits) Mexicans provided much of the farm work in the Southwest ( crops like grapes, lettuce, & citrus fruits) Landowners often forced Mexicans to work to repay debts. Landowners often forced Mexicans to work to repay debts. Supreme Court ruled against this in 1911 Supreme Court ruled against this in 1911

CHINESE Also faced discrimination in America Also faced discrimination in America Whites feared losing their jobs to Chinese Whites feared losing their jobs to Chinese Chinese workers lived in segregated neighborhoods & attended different school Chinese workers lived in segregated neighborhoods & attended different school

THE DAWN OF MASS CULTURE Section 4

Use of machines allowed workers at the turn of the century to do jobs faster. This led to a shorter work week and more leisure time….. SOOOO, what kinds of things did they do?

AMUSEMENT PARKS!!!! Rides such as the roller coaster & the Ferris wheel thrilled people. Rides such as the roller coaster & the Ferris wheel thrilled people.

BICYCLING!!!!!

TENNIS!!

SNACK FOODS BECAME POPULAR

PROFESSIONAL SPORTS Those Americans who didn’t wish to exercise watched professional sports….

African-Americans form own baseball clubs… Negro National League Negro National League Negro American League Negro American League

NEWSPAPERS GAIN POPULARITY! Filled their pages w/sensational headlines. Filled their pages w/sensational headlines.

JOSEPH PULITZER Owner of the New York World Owner of the New York World Introduced a large Sunday edition which included comics, sports, & women’s news. Introduced a large Sunday edition which included comics, sports, & women’s news.

William Randolph Hearst Owned the New York Morning Journal & the San Francisco Examiner Owned the New York Morning Journal & the San Francisco Examiner Hearst tried to outdo Pulitzer by publishing exaggerated & made up stories. Hearst tried to outdo Pulitzer by publishing exaggerated & made up stories.

ART GALLERIES By 1900, at least 1 art gallery could be found in every large city By 1900, at least 1 art gallery could be found in every large city

“DIME NOVELS” Light fiction like “dime novels” became popular as more people read books. Light fiction like “dime novels” became popular as more people read books.

MARK TWAIN Pen name of the humorist & novelist Samuel Langhorne Clemens Pen name of the humorist & novelist Samuel Langhorne Clemens Wrote realistic portrayals of American life like “The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn” Wrote realistic portrayals of American life like “The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn”

SHOPPING!!! As cities grew, shopping centers emerged. As cities grew, shopping centers emerged. DEPARTMENT STORES were a new type of store which offered a wide range of goods DEPARTMENT STORES were a new type of store which offered a wide range of goods

Marshall Field of Chicago America’s 1 st department store. America’s 1 st department store.

CHAIN STORES ALSO STARTED IN THE LATE 1800’S Chain stores are groups of stores owned by the same person.

F.W. WOOLWORTH He started “five & dime stores” He started “five & dime stores”

ADVERTIZING BECOMES BIG! Companies filled magazines & newspapers w/ads for their products. Companies filled magazines & newspapers w/ads for their products. Advertisers also placed their products on barns, houses, & billboards. Advertisers also placed their products on barns, houses, & billboards.

MAIL ORDER CATALOGS: Late 1800’s, Montgomery Ward & Sears Roebuck introduced mail-order catalogs. Late 1800’s, Montgomery Ward & Sears Roebuck introduced mail-order catalogs. Brought department store items to those living outside the cities. Brought department store items to those living outside the cities. By 1910, about 10 million Americans shopped by mail. By 1910, about 10 million Americans shopped by mail.

Rural Free Delivery (RFD) U.S. Post Office increased mail-order business by starting a RFD system. U.S. Post Office increased mail-order business by starting a RFD system. This brought packages directly to every home. This brought packages directly to every home.

NEXT UP…… THE PROGRESSIVE ERA

THE END