Migration – A worldwide phenomenon

Cedar Rapids – Typical of USA average East Lansing – Michigan State University

Sandy – Impact of religion Washington – Migration of workers Miami Beach – Old age retirement 44% over 50 compared to 26% US average

What are the implications for each of the areas? What are the implications for each of the areas?

Facts and figures 2% of the worlds population live outside the country of their birth (125 million) 2% of the worlds population live outside the country of their birth (125 million) International migration of about 2-4 million per year is expected to stay the same International migration of about 2-4 million per year is expected to stay the same Developed and developing countries are affected by migration Developed and developing countries are affected by migration

Con’t Migrants make up the bulk of the workforce in the middle east Migrants make up the bulk of the workforce in the middle east 50% of migrants in developing countries are their due to resources 50% of migrants in developing countries are their due to resources Since 1989, migrants from Eastern Europe have flooded to the West for work Since 1989, migrants from Eastern Europe have flooded to the West for work 115,900 people were accepted for settlement in the UK, including 46% on the basis of family formation and reunion, 26% as asylum seekers or their dependants, and 17% as a result of employment. The figure for grants of settlement in 2001 was 106, ,900 people were accepted for settlement in the UK, including 46% on the basis of family formation and reunion, 26% as asylum seekers or their dependants, and 17% as a result of employment. The figure for grants of settlement in 2001 was 106,800.

Push Factor Something that makes you want to leave the area you currently live in Something that makes you want to leave the area you currently live in Boring (Mild) Boring (Mild) Dangerous war zone (Severe) Dangerous war zone (Severe)

What might the push factors be for…. A teenager living in rural Devon? A teenager living in rural Devon? An oap in inner city London? An oap in inner city London? Someone living in Eastern Ukraine? Someone living in Eastern Ukraine? Someone living in Addis Ababa? Someone living in Addis Ababa?

Pull Factor Something that makes you want to move to a specific place away from where you currently live Something that makes you want to move to a specific place away from where you currently live Job prospects (High) Job prospects (High) Safe (High) Safe (High)

What might the pull factors of the following places be? Rural Devon? Rural Devon? London? London? Thailand? Thailand?

Migrate? Many people dislike where they live but never move as there will be good things about the place to. Many people dislike where they live but never move as there will be good things about the place to. E.G – Bad = No Job Good = Lots of friends E.G – Bad = No Job Good = Lots of friends The push and pull factors must be weighed up, are they strong enough to drag you away? The push and pull factors must be weighed up, are they strong enough to drag you away?

Different appeals East Devon too boring for youngsters East Devon too boring for youngsters Nice and quiet for oap Nice and quiet for oap = Big swing in the population Big swing in the population

How do we classify? Permanent v Temporary Permanent v Temporary Voluntary v Forced Voluntary v Forced Involves a change of home and community (tourists and nomads are not migrants) Involves a change of home and community (tourists and nomads are not migrants) Varies in terms of distance, cause and period of time over which the movement happens Varies in terms of distance, cause and period of time over which the movement happens International v Internal International v Internal

Immigration – People moving into a country Immigration – People moving into a country Emigration – People leaving a country Emigration – People leaving a country Imm – Emi = Net Migration Imm – Emi = Net Migration UK 2014 UK ,000 immigrants 815,000 immigrants 323,000 emigrated (some of these may have been short term immigrants) 323,000 emigrated (some of these may have been short term immigrants) Net = 492,000 Net = 492,000

‘Selective’ Migration International and long distance migrants more likely to me male International and long distance migrants more likely to me male Females migrate over shorter distances Females migrate over shorter distances Single people/childless more likely to move Single people/childless more likely to move Professionals travel further than non skilled Professionals travel further than non skilled

Internal v International Internal Internal Usually for economic reasons (North to South UK) Usually for economic reasons (North to South UK) Social reasons (Retirement to the seaside) Social reasons (Retirement to the seaside) Rare, but can be forced (Kurds in Iraq) Rare, but can be forced (Kurds in Iraq) International International Many reasons. MEDC (Economic), LEDC (Forced) Many reasons. MEDC (Economic), LEDC (Forced)

INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION TRIGGERS Political of social unrest (Ethnic Cleansing Kosovo 1999) POST COLONISATION (Division of Pakistan and India 1947) Natural Hazards Exploration – Pilgrim fathers Religious persecution (Israel) War Afghanistan Search for a more prosperous life (Mexicans to USA

Voluntary v Forced Voluntary Voluntary Means that people choose to move.Economic and social reasons Means that people choose to move.Economic and social reasons Forced Forced War, Famine, Natural disasters War, Famine, Natural disasters

Permanent v Temporary Many people move abroad to work for set periods Many people move abroad to work for set periods Seasonal movements Seasonal movements Refugees and Asylum seekers Refugees and Asylum seekers Often temporary, but become permanent. Can be given a temporary visa, but intentions are to return after the problems has passed Often temporary, but become permanent. Can be given a temporary visa, but intentions are to return after the problems has passed Asylum Seekers and Refugees are NOT necessarily illegal immigrants Asylum Seekers and Refugees are NOT necessarily illegal immigrants

TERMS Illegal Immigrant (Illegal Alien) Illegal Immigrant (Illegal Alien) Somebody who has entered the country illegally. They may be able to claim asylum if caught (too dangerous to return home). They can’t work legally so are not insured Somebody who has entered the country illegally. They may be able to claim asylum if caught (too dangerous to return home). They can’t work legally so are not insured Refugee – A person who can not return home due to well founded fear of harm upon return Refugee – A person who can not return home due to well founded fear of harm upon return Asylum seeker – A refugee who applies to stay in the host nation Asylum seeker – A refugee who applies to stay in the host nation

Voluntary Based on Push/Pull factors Based on Push/Pull factors Low WagesSchools Low WagesSchools PovertyBetter jobs PovertyBetter jobs FamineSocial FamineSocial Unemployment Unemployment Environmental Factors Environmental Factors

Match Them Up International Forced International Forced Internal Forced Internal Forced International Temporary International Temporary Illegal Immigration Illegal Immigration Mexicans to Texas Bosnians to Serbia Polish to UK Kurds to Northern Iraq

Changing Trends – Can you explain? INCREASE…. INCREASE…. Attempts at illegal migration Attempts at illegal migration Numbers seeking asylum (not true for UK) Numbers seeking asylum (not true for UK) Migration between 2 MEDC’s Migration between 2 MEDC’s Short Term migration Short Term migration Migration between 2 LEDC’s Migration between 2 LEDC’s

Changing Trends – Can you explain? DECREASE DECREASE Legal, life long migration Legal, life long migration Permanent migration from LEDC to MEDC Permanent migration from LEDC to MEDC The number of people moving in order to reunite families The number of people moving in order to reunite families

Effects of Migration SOCIAL SOCIAL ECONOMIC ECONOMIC POLITICAL POLITICAL AREA OF ORIGIN (DONOR) AREA OF ORIGIN (DONOR) AREA OF ARRIVAL (HOST or RECEPIENT) AREA OF ARRIVAL (HOST or RECEPIENT) Make lists (or a table) to give general effects + and – Make lists (or a table) to give general effects + and – Add specific comments for the case studies Add specific comments for the case studies