who here wields a large stone. London, The British Museum. Figure 5.1. Detail of Attic red-figure cup by Epictetus (c. 510 BC) showing the Athenian hero Theseus killing the bull-headed Minotaur, who here wields a large stone. London, The British Museum.

Figure 5.2. Attic black-figure hydria (water jar) attributed to the Priam Painter (c. 520 BC), showing women using such vessels to get water at a fountain house constructed during the reign of Pisistratus

Figure 5.3. This silver coin worth four drachmas and thus known as a tetradrachm was minted at Athens in the late sixth century (c. 520–510 BC). The obverse displays the portrait of Athena in an Attic helmet; the verso shows her attributes the owl and olive branch. On the right, the first three letters of the word “of the Athenians” appear.

Figure 5.4. Attic redfigure psyktēr (wine cooler) attributed to Oltos (c. 520–510 BC), showing armed warriors riding on dolphins, probably representing the chorus of an early theatrical production. The vessel was made for use at drinking parties (symposia) and, therefore, depicts a wine cup as the device on the central warrior’s shield.

Figure 5.5. The tyrannicides Harmodius and Aristogiton were commemorated in a lost bronze statue group (c. 477–476 BC) that replaced an earlier group, which was taken to Susa during the Persian wars. These Roman marble figures are a copy of the replacement group. Naples, National Museum.

Figure 5.6. Attica.

Figure 5.7. Detail of the Achaemenid Persian relief from the Apadana at Persepolis (c. 500–480 BC), showing delegations bringing tribute to the Persian king, who received in tribute a wide variety of goods from the subjects of his empire.

Figure 5.8. The Persian empire in the reign of Darius.

Figure 5. 9. Portrait of Themistocles Figure 5.9. Portrait of Themistocles. This Roman copy was probably modeled after a bronze image of Themistocles erected about 460 BC. With its thick neck and coarse features, the head may be the earliest known example of individualized portraiture in Greek art. We should perhaps associate the unusual physiognomy with the tradition that Themistocles’ mother was not Greek.

Figure 5.10. Athenian dedications at Olympia commemorating the Battle of Marathon (Olympia Museum). Top: Greek bronze helmet inscribed “Miltiades.” Bottom: Assyrian bronze helmet inscribed “To Zeus from the Athenians who took it from the Medes.”

Figure 5.11. The tumulus for the 192 Athenian dead at Marathon.

Figure 5.12. Numerous ostraka have been discovered in the Athenian agora. These bear the names of Aristides, son of Lysimachus, and Themistocles, son of Neocles, of the deme Phrearrhioi.

Figure 5.13. A trireme at sea. Working in England and Greece, twentieth-century scholars and naval architects reconstructed the Athenian trireme of the Classical period.

Figure 5.14. The Persian wars.