Fig. 4.1, p. 75: Lia Litosseliti, ed. Research Methods in Linguistics Continuum.

Then:  (Observed-Expected) 2 Expected Χ2Χ2 First: The Expected Values: the product of the row total and column total divided by the total of tokens Chi-Squared Next: Determine the degrees of freedom: df df can be thought of as the general parameters under which the statistical tests holds true. df= (# of chart rows – 1) x (# of chart columns – 1) Finally, we use the df to find our

What we accomplish in Quantitative Analyses: Four Goals 1.Data reduction: summarize trends,capture the common aspects of a set of observations such as the average, standard deviation, and correlations among variables; 2.Inference: generalize from a representative set of observations to a larger universe of possible observations using hypothesis tests such as the t-test or analysis of variance; 3.Discovery of relationships: find descriptive or causal patterns in data which may be described in multiple regression models or in factor analysis; 4.Exploration of processes that have a basis in probability: theoretical modeling, say in information theory, or in practical contexts such as probabilistic sentence parsing. p. 3. Keith Johnson. Quantitative methods in linguistics. Blackwell Publishing