III.New forms of national culture and political institutions developed in the United States alongside continued regional variations and differences over economic, political, social, and foreign policy issues. A.During the presidential administrations of George Washington and John Adams, political leaders created institutions and precedents that put the principles of the Constitution into practice. Executive branch departments Cabinet Judiciary Act of 1789

B. Political leaders in the 1790s took a variety of positions on issues such as the relationship between the national government and the states, economic policy, foreign policy, and the balance between liberty and order. This led to the formation of political parties — most significantly the Federalists, led by Alexander Hamilton, and the Democratic- Republican Party, led by Thomas Jefferson and James Madison. Hamilton’s financial plan Creation of the Bank of the US Elastic clause Strict vs. loose interpretation of the Constitution Formation of the Federalist Party Formation of the Democratic-Republican Party Alien and Sedition Acts Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions

AMERICA: 1790

Our Revolution was Over.

Jacques-Louis David, The Tennis Court Oath

The Storming of the Bastille, 14 July 1789

The French Tricolor They wanna be us... But they AIN’T us.

The French Revolution Hamilton Jefferson US Should Support French Revolution US Should Oppose French Revolution

France vs. Europe

? How should the United States respond?

Neutrality Proclamation “Whereas it appears that a state of war exists between Austria, Prussia, Sardinia, Great Britain, and the United Netherlands, of the one part, and France on the other

Neutrality Proclamation “The duty and interest of the United States require, that they should with sincerity and good faith adopt and pursue a conduct friendly and impartial toward the belligerent Powers...” 1793

Neutrality Washington’s Legacy

Washington’s Neutrality Proclamation defined American foreign policy toward Europe until World War II. Washington’s Legacy

“Your boys are not going to be sent into any foreign wars!” -- FDR,

Art courtesy of Sam B. and James J. (APUSH )

Citizen Genet French Ambassador to the U.S Privateers: Republicaine Anti-George Sans-Culotte Citizen Genêt

Hamilton Jefferson You’re right. He has to be dismissed. Citizen Genet’s lack of regard for diplomatic protocol resulted in a rare agreement between Jefferson and Hamilton.

Photo by Gage SkidmoreGage Skidmore Citizen Genet was FIRED.

Jefferson

Photo by Roger SmithRoger Smith Jefferson, frustrated with the administration’s pro-British policies, retired to Monticello.

Britain agrees to abandon forts in U.S. in exchange for Most Favored Nation (MFN) trading status. The Jay Treaty John Jay

The Jay Treaty strengthened economic ties with aristocratic Britain, while creating tension between the U.S. and republican France.

Photo by Kurt MagoonKurt Magoon

Ratified * * Treaties require a 2/3 vote of the Senate for ratification. Photo by Kurt MagoonKurt Magoon

Whiskey Rebellion

C. The expansion of slavery in the deep South and adjacent western lands and rising antislavery sentiment began to create distinctive regional attitudes toward the institution. Anti-slavery societies Limited rights of free blacks

John Trumbull

Benjamin Banneker

Betsy Ross

D. Ideas about national identity increasingly found expression in works of art, literature, and architecture. John Trumbull Benjamin Banneker Betsy Ross US flag Growth of nationalism Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin

Key Concept 3:3 Migration within North America and competition over resources, boundaries, and trade intensified conflicts among peoples and nations. I.In the decades after American independence, interactions among different groups resulted in competition for resources, shifting alliances, and cultural blending. A.Various American Indian groups repeatedly evaluated and adjusted their alliances with Europeans, other tribes, and the U.S., seeking to limit migration of white settlers and maintain control of tribal lands and natural resources. British alliances with American Indians contributed to tensions between the U.S. and Britain. Battle of Fallen Timbers (1794) Treaty of Greenville (1795)

Settled West Florida Boundary Free navigation of the Mississippi R. Right of Deposit (New Orleans) Thomas Pinckney (SC) Pinckney’s Treaty 1795

Map by GolbezGolbez

Map by GolbezGolbez Resolved in our favor! Free Navigation

A precedent for all future presidents Two Terms

EXCEPT ONE OOPS!

The Constitution in Crisis

WARNINGS: Political Partisanship Sectionalism Foreign Entanglements Respect the Constitution

ACTIONS: Political Partisanship Sectionalism Foreign Entanglements Respect the Constitution

REPUBLICAN John AdamsThomas Jefferson FEDERALIST

The Constitution, as originally written, made no provisions for political parties. The original formula for the selection of the President and Vice President reflected this.

John Adams, President Thomas Jefferson, Vice President

Partisan Newspapers National Gazette (Republican) Gazette of the United States (Federalist)

old Querulous Bald BLIND crippled tOOTHLESS Adams

1798

I’ve got 99 problems… Partisanship’s only one.

F EDERALISTS The First Party System R EPUBLICANS HAMILTON John Adams Leaders JEFFERSON James Madison Strong CENTRAL Gov.FederalismStates’ Rights Anarchy / Mob RuleFearsTyranny LOOSE Construction Constitution S TRICT Construction YES Gov. Involvement in Economy NO VERY YES National Bank NO YES Protective Tariff NO YES Federal Assumption of State War Debts NO Urban (Commerce) Support Base Rural (Agrarian) AnglophilesForeign PolicyFrancophiles

Undeclared naval conflict between the US and France ( ).

To the wicked, everything serves as a pretext. Voltaire

Naturalization Act Alien Friends Act Alien Enemies Act 1798 Allowed the President to deport undesirable aliens Extended the residency requirement for citizenship from 5 to 14 years

Were the Alien Acts constitutional? To establish an uniform Rule of Naturalization… From Article I, Section 8: DELEGATED

1798 Sedition Act Outlawed the publication of "false, scandalous, and malicious writing" against the government

Was the Sedition Act constitutional? From Amendment I: RESERVED Congress shall make no law… abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press…

The Sedition Act violated the Constitution on two counts: Free Speech & Press (1 st ) States’ Rights (10 th ) EPIC FAIL Clip from HBO’s John Adams (2:46)

Federalist No. 10 AMONG the numerous advantages promised by a well constructed Union, none deserves to be more accurately developed than its tendency to break and control the violence of faction…

The Constitution is a compact (agreement) between the states, and they have the authority to interpret it.

NULLIFICATION INTERPOSITION How far can states go in resisting unconstitutional laws passed by the federal government?

Kentucky Resolutions In questions of power, then, let no more be heard of confidence in man, but bind him down…by the chains of the Constitution.

Jefferson to John Taylor of Caroline “A little patience, and we shall see the reign of witches pass over, their spells dissolve, and the people, recovering their true sight, restore their government to its true principles.”