POS (P ARTS OF S PEECH ) Nouns and Pronouns

N OUNS A noun is a word that names a person, place, thing, or idea Things- cameras, vehicle, cheetah Persons- tourists, photographers, Chris Ideas- surprise, suddenness, happiness Places- BVNW, Kenya, city, lake

C OMMON AND P ROPER NOUNS A common noun is a general name for a person, place, thing or idea. Common nouns are usually not capitalized. A proper noun is the name of a particular person, place, thing idea. A proper noun is ALWAYS capitalized. Proper: Nike, Amy Murphy, Overland Park Common: shoe, principal, city

C ONCRETE VS ABSTRACT A concrete noun names an object that can be seen, heard, smelled, touched, or tasted. Ex: Shoe, car, perfume, thorn An abstract noun names an idea, quality, or characteristic. Ex: simplicity, beauty, truth, intention

S INGULAR OR PLURAL A noun may be either singular or plural in form, depending whether it names a single person, place, thing, or idea or more than one. Singular: map, berry, deer, mouse Plural: maps, berries, deer, mice *Every noun is either common or proper, concrete or abstract, and singular or plural. For example, desert is common, concrete, and singular. Great Lakes is proper, concrete, and plural.

C OLLECTIVE A collective noun refers to a group of people or things. Examples include herd, family, crew, team, and staff. Even when a collective noun is singular in form, it can be used to refer to a group either as a single unit or as a number of individuals. The herd (unit) runs away as we get close. The herd (individuals) find hiding places in the brush.

C OMPOUND N OUNS A compound noun is formed from two or more words. Some compound nouns are written as single words, some as hyphenated words, and some as separate words. One word- toothbrush, backpack, watermelon Hyphenated- self-knowledge, sister-in-law Separate words- duffel bag South Carolina, Taj Mahal

P OSSESSIVE N OUN A possessive noun shows ownership or relationship. Possessive nouns are spelled with apostrophes. Ownership: the tourist’s passport Relationship: the tourist’s companion

N OUN TRICKS A noun is a person, place, or thing. Nationalism is a thing, but not the kind of thing you can see or touch. Nouns can be made plural. One nationalism, two nationalisms. Nouns can be owned. My nationalism. Nouns follow noun markers. The nationalism.

P RONOUNS A pronoun is a word used in place of a noun or another noun. The word that a pronoun stands for is called its antecedent. Ben waved as he boarded the bus to the airport. Antecedent = Ben Pronoun = He An antecedent can consist of two or more words, and it may be in a sentence other than the one in which the pronoun occurs. Ben and David share a sandwich. They both enjoyed it.

P ERSONAL P RONOUNS

P OSSESSIVE Like possessive nouns, possessive pronouns show ownership or relationship. In the previous slides chart, possessive pronouns are italicized. Hal almost left his backpack on the bench.

R EFLEXIVE AND INTENSIVE A reflexive pronoun reflects or represents the subject of the sentence or clause in which it appears. Ex: Jaime treats herself to a stroll through the park. An intensive pronoun is used to emphasize a noun or pronoun that appears in the same sentence. The kids themselves enjoy playing baseball.

R EFLEXIVE AND INTENSIVE Reflexive pronouns should never be used alone. They must always have antecedents. For example: She buys souvenirs for herself and myself.

D EMONSTRATIVE Demonstrative pronouns point out specific persons, places, things, or ideas. They allow you to indicate whether the things you are referring to are relatively nearby (in time or space) or farther away. The demonstrative pronouns are this, these, that, and those. My project is better than those over there.

I NDEFINITE P RONOUNS Indefinite pronouns refer to persons, places, things or ideas that are NOT specifically identified. Unlike other pronouns, they DON’T have antecedents. Everyone in the market was shopping.

I NTERROGATIVE AND RELATIVE An interrogative pronoun introduces a question Who, whom, whose, which, what A relative pronoun introduces a noun clause or an adjective clause; it connects an adjective clause to the word or words it modifies. Who, whom, whose, which, that Who would believe the crowds and excitement? The merchants, who are eager for sales, shout to customers.