Copyright Prentice Hall, Inc. 1 Operating System Overview

Course Objectives To familiarize students with basic concepts that underlie modern operating systems. To develop the students' understanding of the memory management techniques. To develop the students' understanding of the process management techniques. Copyright Prentice Hall, Inc. 2

Course Objectives To develop the students' understanding of file managements. To familiarize the students' with grid and cloud computing. Copyright Prentice Hall, Inc. 3

Course Syllabus 1 Topics to be Covered TopicNo of Weeks Contact hours Computer System Overview13 Characteristics of Modern Operating Systems13 Process Managements26 Scheduling (Processor Management)26 Memory Management26 Virtual Memory26 File Systems13 Input/output Management & Disk Scheduling26 Distributed Systems, Grid computing and cloud computing13 Revision13 Copyright Prentice Hall, Inc. 4

Lecture Out Lines What is an Operating System? Operating System Objectives. Service Provided by OS. OS Major Achievements. Copyright Prentice Hall, Inc. 5

6 What is an Operating System? Answers: – I don't know. – Nobody knows. – The book claims to know – read Chapter 1. – They’re programs – big hairy programs – The Linux source you'll be compiling has over 1.7M lines of C Okay. What are some goals of an OS?

© 2012 Gribble, Lazowska, Levy, Zahorjan 7 The traditional picture Applications OS Hardware “The OS is everything you don’t need to write in order to run your application” This depiction invites you to think of the OS as a library; we’ll see that – In some ways, it is: all operations on I/O devices require OS calls (syscalls) – In other ways, it isn't: you use the CPU/memory without OS calls it intervenes without having been explicitly called

“Everything you don’t have to write” What is Windows? 8 DOS Application © John DeTreville, Microsoft Corp.

“Everything you don’t have to write” What is Windows? 9 DOSWindows Installer COM Printing TCP/IPBrowser …File system …… Application © John DeTreville, Microsoft Corp.

Copyright Prentice Hall, Inc. 10 Operating System A program that controls the execution of application programs An interface between applications and hardware

Copyright Prentice Hall, Inc. 11 Operating System Objectives Convenience  Makes the computer more convenient to use Efficiency  Allows computer system resources to be used in an efficient manner Ability to evolve  Permit effective development, testing, and introduction of new system functions without interfering with service

Copyright Prentice Hall, Inc. 12 Layers of Computer System

Copyright Prentice Hall, Inc. 13 Services Provided by the Operating System Program development  Editors and debuggers Program execution Access to I/O devices Controlled access to files System access

Copyright Prentice Hall, Inc. 14 Services Provided by the Operating System Error detection and response  internal and external hardware errors memory error device failure  software errors arithmetic overflow access forbidden memory locations  operating system cannot grant request of application

Copyright Prentice Hall, Inc. 15 Services Provided by the Operating System Accounting  collect statistics  monitor performance  used to anticipate future enhancements  used for billing users

Copyright Prentice Hall, Inc. 16 Operating System Functions same way as ordinary computer software  It is program that is executed Operating system relinquishes control of the processor to execute other programs

Copyright Prentice Hall, Inc. 17 Kernel Portion of operating system that is in main memory Contains most-frequently used functions Also called the nucleus

Copyright Prentice Hall, Inc. 18 Evolution of an Operating System Hardware upgrades and new types of hardware New services Fixes

Copyright Prentice Hall, Inc. 19 Evolution of Operating Systems Serial Processing  No operating system  Machines run from a console with display lights and toggle switches, input device, and printer  Schedule tome  Setup included loading the compiler, source program, saving compiled program, and loading and linking

Copyright Prentice Hall, Inc. 20 Evolution of Operating Systems Simple Batch Systems  Monitors Software that controls the running programs Batch jobs together Program branches back to monitor when finished Resident monitor is in main memory and available for execution

Copyright Prentice Hall, Inc. 21 Job Control Language (JCL) Special type of programming language Provides instruction to the monitor  what compiler to use  what data to use

Copyright Prentice Hall, Inc. 22 Hardware Features Memory protection  do not allow the memory area containing the monitor to be altered Timer  prevents a job from monopolizing the system

Copyright Prentice Hall, Inc. 23 Hardware Features Memory protection  do not allow the memory area containing the monitor to be altered Timer  prevents a job from monopolizing the system

Copyright Prentice Hall, Inc. 24 Uniprogramming Processor must wait for I/O instruction to complete before preceding

Copyright Prentice Hall, Inc. 25 Multiprogramming When one job needs to wait for I/O, the processor can switch to the other job

Copyright Prentice Hall, Inc. 26 Multiprogramming

Copyright Prentice Hall, Inc. 27 Time Sharing Using multiprogramming to handle multiple interactive jobs Processor’s time is shared among multiple users Multiple users simultaneously access the system through terminals

Copyright Prentice Hall, Inc. 28 Major Achievements Processes Memory Management Information protection and security Scheduling and resource management System structure

Copyright Prentice Hall, Inc. 29 Process Consists of three components  An executable program  Associated data needed by the program  Execution context of the program All information the operating system needs to manage the process

Copyright Prentice Hall, Inc. 30 Memory Management Process isolation Automatic allocation and management Support for modular programming Protection and access control Long-term storage

Copyright Prentice Hall, Inc. 31 Virtual Memory Allows programmers to address memory from a logical point of view While one process is written out to secondary store and the successor process read in there in no hiatus

Copyright Prentice Hall, Inc. 32 Paging Allows process to be comprised of a number of fixed-size blocks, called pages Virtual address is a page number and an offset within the page Each page may be located any where in main memory Real address or physical address in main memory

Copyright Prentice Hall, Inc. 33 Information Protection and Security Access control  regulate user access to the system Information flow control  regulate flow of data within the system and its delivery to users Certification  proving that access and flow control perform according to specifications

Copyright Prentice Hall, Inc. 34 Scheduling and Resource Management Fairness  give equal and fair access to all processes Differential responsiveness  discriminate between different classes of jobs Efficiency  maximize throughput, minimize response time, and accommodate as many uses as possible

Copyright Prentice Hall, Inc. 35 System Structure View the system as a series of levels Each level performs a related subset of functions Each level relies on the next lower level to perform more primitive functions This decomposes a problem into a number of more manageable subproblems