HUMAN RIGHTS I XU QIANRU

What is human rights? ■Human: A member of the Homo sapiens species; a man, woman or child; a person. ■Rights: Things to which you are entitled or allowed; freedoms that are guaranteed ■Human Rights: The rights you have simply because you are human.

What do people think about their human rights? ■the freedom to obtain a job, ■adopt a career select a partner of one’s choice and raise children. ■the right to travel widely ■the right to work gainfully without harassment, abuse and threat of arbitrary dismissal. ■the right to leisure. ■CHOICE AND OPPOTUNITIES

Worldly accepted human rights ■On 10 December 1948, the Universal Declaration was adopted by the General Assembly by a vote of 48 in favor, none against, and eight abstentions HISTORY? utube.com/wat ch?v=oh3BbLk 5UIQ utube.com/wat ch?v=oh3BbLk 5UIQ

1.Do you think there can be universally accepted notion of “human rights” that can be applied across time and space? 2.To what extent do you believe international community has come to an agreement that there is a set of universally applicable “human rights”?

The Relative Universality of Human Rights Jack Donnelly Universality: ■functional universality ■international legal universality ■overlapping consensus universality ■ anthropological and ontological universality ■Conceptual and Substantive Universality ■Historical or Anthropological Universality ■Universalism Without Imperialism......

1.There is only relative universally accepted notion of “human rights” that can be applied across time and space. ■The world is developing all the time. In the past, no human rights. Then the idea emerged. natural law -----natural rights human rights throughout the human history of several thousands years. ■ example:1:During World War II, the Allies adopted the Four Freedoms—freedom of speech,freedom of religion, freedom from fear, and freedom from want—as their basic war aims. And that idea, resulted finally in the document called the UDHR (Universal Declaration of Human Rights) and the 30 rights to which all people are entitled. ■ 2: The southern part of American before the Civil War V.S. No salveryMaybe more in the future? All people can live on the Mars...All people have the right for long-live vaccination... The answer in unknown...

■2. On 10 December 1948, the Universal Declaration was adopted by the General Assembly by a vote of 48 in favor, none against, and eight abstentions. (MAJORITY OF the member countries in that time) ■200 countries in the world.UDHR is not law, but a norm,which doesn`t have power to punish. Counties sign with voluntary. ■The UDHR is still more a dream than reality. Violations exist in every part of the world. ■Tortured or abused in at least 81 countries ■Face unfair trials in at least 54 countries ■Restricted in their freedom of expression in at least 77 countries. Human rights violations still plague the world today.

Trend--Bright future of Human rights ■The United Nations Charter "reaffirmed faith in fundamental human rights, and dignity and worth of the human person" and committed all member states to promote "universal respect for, and observance of, human rights and fundamental freedoms for all without distinction as to race, sex, language, or religion". ■A right is a freedom of some kind. It is something to which you are entitled by virtue of being human. It is based on the principle of respect for the individual. Their fundamental assumption is that each person is a moral and rational being who deserves to be treated with dignity. They are called human rights because they are universal. Whereas nations or specialized groups enjoy specific rights that apply only to them, human rights are the rights to which everyone is entitled—no matter who they are or where they live—simply because they are alive.To some, the full realization of human rights is a remote goal. But you can make a difference.

Is there a law that rule the violation activities in the world? The General Assembly of the United Nations adopted the Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action in 1993, in terms of which the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights was established. In 2006, the United Nations Commission on Human Rights was replaced with the United Nations Human Rights Council for the enforcement of international human rights law.

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