I.Layers of the Earth II.Plate Tectonics III.Continental Drift

Earth- 3 rd rock from the sun …

Vital Statistics Age= Orbit = Rotation= 70% Water Pole to Pole 12,714 km 4.6 billion years days 23 hours 56 min

Vital Statistics Equator 12,756 km 199 million square miles One of the Terrestrial planets (Earth, Mars, Mercury, Venus)…with a small mass

…as opposed to the GAS Giants

Earth’s Unique Features Only planet with Continental Drift Only planet where the surface can be in the form of a liquid, solid and gas.

Earth’s Interior Crust Mantle Core –Inner –Outer

Temperature and pressure _________ as you approach the center. Increase

Differentiation The Earth’s layers represent differentiation. Heavier metals are in the center (core), lighter rocks such as silicates are in the (crust.)

Crust Outermost layer Thinnest layer Land/ocean floor 5-40 km thick

Crust Thinnest, outside layer Continental crust miles thick Oceanic crust 3 miles thick Mostly Granite and Basalt

2 types of crust Oceanic- basalt material, dark, dense Continental- granite, less dense, light in color

Mantle Iron, Magnesium Not liquid, not solid (taffy) Plate tectonic activity 1,800 miles thick

Mantle Hot rock Taffy like Upper mantle and Crust = lithosphere Lower mantle- hotter, more pressure, becomes solid= asthenosphere

Heavier materials sink while lighter materials are pushed higher to a surface…

Core 1) Liquid core- (outer core) thick metal, magnetic field. 2- Solid core- (inner core- increase in pressure, dense, solid)

Core 1) Inner core 9000 degrees F. Solid due to the pressure! 2) Outer core 8100 degrees F. Liquid Nickel/Iron currents Magnetic fields

Plate Tectonics Heat causes motion. Hot air rises- it’s less dense and cool air sinks. This process is called Y1dmE

This heat source from the Earth causes…

1912 Albert Wegener cES1Ekto /animated-life- pangaea.html?smid=nytcore-ipad- share&smprod=nytcore-ipad

Pangea Pq-lJo

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And Pangea II?

Rifting As hot liquids rise to the surface it pulls the crust along with it (think of soup, pudding or coffee scum).

Subduction “sub” meaning under or below. One piece of crust goes under another.

When two pieces of crust get stuck under one another pressure begins to build and eventually an Earthquake can happen!

We call major rifting/subduction zones Plates

Earthquakes 1:30 seconds More 3000 move Earth’s crust Hundreds move measurable distances 20 severe damage

Earthquake “shaking of the Earth’s crust”- energy is released through friction as stress builds up along fault lines/tectonic plates. Lithosphere Secondary issues G_M4EE

Other causes of Earthquakes

Earthquakes can occur at various depths Shallow (less than 30 km) occur with sliding/spreading plates Deep (up to 700 km) subduction

Focus- point where fault/plate movement occurs *in Earth’s layers Epicenter- surface point above focus *on Earth’s surface

Earthquake Waves 3 main type of seismic waves Body waves (travel through Earth) S/P (Primary and Secondary Waves) Surface Waves (travel at surface of Earth) L (Love waves) CK17a4&list=PL9AC95ABE68FEB57E&ind ex=4

Seismometer Tool used to measure seismic waves WPwA

Locating the epicenter dHbFA8WU Scientists use triangulation to find an epicenter (point where all three circles meet) Scientists track differences in P/S waves and use that to create a circle.

Charles Richter 1940’s Created a scale to measure the energy released from an earthquake.

Volcano! A quick review!

Volcano! Weak spot in the crust where magma (molten material) comes to the surface. p6wDU

Magma Mixture of rock forming substances, gases, and water vapor from the mantle.

Lava Magma that reaches the surface

Viscosity Resistance to “flow” (usually liquids) High viscosity materials flow slowly Low viscosity materials flow __________ fdZVQ

Think about it… Which of these materials has a higher viscosity? Which of these materials has a lower viscosity?

Think about it What affect do you predict temperature has on the viscosity of a material knowing what you know about temperature and energy… How would this variable relate to volcanos?

How does viscosity relate to volcanos? Volcanos range in size, shape, and type of eruptions that occur! CdkN0