ENG 1320 Spring 2015 Laura Sims USING SOURCES

 When you write a research paper, you must directly refer to every source listed on your works cited page.  In other words, you need to include at least one quotation, paraphrase, or summary from each source.  When choosing how to use your sources in your research paper, consider the following options:  Statistics  Anecdotes  Testimonies  Counterarguments  Authoritative conclusions  Analogies USING YOUR SOURCES

 According to the Bedford Handbook, “Borrowing another writer’s language, sentence structures, or ideas without proper acknowledgement is a form of dishonesty known as plagiarism” (Hacker and Sommers 498).  “Written texts are considered an author’s property. This ‘property’ isn’t a physical object, so it is often referred to as intellectual property” (Hacker and Sommers 483). PLAGIARISM

 One form of plagiarism is presenting another person’s ideas without naming them as the source. Ideas that need to be cited include information only presented in one or two sources, highly specific information (like statistics), and controversial positions.  You need to clearly indicate your source when you include a quotation.  You also need to clearly indicate your source when you paraphrase or summarize information.  You do not need to cite your source for common knowledge or widely available facts. KINDS OF PLAGIARISM (1/2)

 Common knowledge (information that your audience probably already knows, such as the fact that Barack Obama won the 2012 presidential election)  Objective facts available from a wide variety of sources (for example, that the Japanese bombed Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941)  Your own findings and field research (observations, experiments, surveys)  Do point out that you completed this research on your own (I found, I observed, etc.).  Mention who you surveyed or observed. WHAT NOT TO CITE

 A second form of plagiarism is failing to properly “restate the source’s meaning using your own language” in paraphrases and summaries (Hacker and Sommers 501).  You must use quotation marks whenever you use the same language as the original source.  You do not use quotation marks if you put the information in your own words.  Either way, you still need to give credit to your original source. KINDS OF PLAGIARISM (2/2)

 Original source:  Without adequate discipline, the World Wide Web can be a tremendous time sink; no other medium comes close to matching the Internet’s depth of materials, interactivity, and sheer distractive potential. (from The Naked Employee by Frederick Lane, pg. 142)  Plagiarism:  If people do not have adequate discipline, the World Wide Web can be a big time sink because no other medium can match the Internet’s quantity of materials, interactivity, and potential for distraction.  Fixed:  Frederick Lane points out that, for those who don’t exercise self- control, “the World Wide Web can be a tremendous time sink; no other medium comes close to matching the Internet’s depth of materials, interactivity, and sheer distractive potential” (142). BH pg. 501 USING QUOTATIONS TO FIX PLAGIARISM

 Make sure that you do not use the author’s original language or sentence structure!  You can’t just replace words with synonyms.  Strategies:  Avoid looking at the original source when writing your paraphrase.  Focus on the author’s meaning instead of the author’s wording.  After reading the original source, make a list of key terms and ideas. Work from these lists, not the original source, to construct your paraphrase. PARAPHRASING GUIDELINES

 A question that is often posed to the NOAA Marine Debris Program (MDP) is “How much debris is actually out there?” The MDP has recognized the need for this answer as well as the growing interest and value of citizen science. To that end, the MDP is developing and testing two types of monitoring and assessment protocols: 1) rigorous scientific survey and 2) volunteer at-sea visual survey. These types of monitoring programs are necessary in order to compare marine debris, composition, abundance, distribution, movement, and impact data on national and global scales.  “Efforts and Activities Related to the ‘Garbage Patches.’” Marine Debris. NOAA Marine Debris Program, Web. 28 Nov ORIGINAL SOURCE

 NOAA Marine Debris Program (MDP)  People ask questions about amount of debris  MDP making plans to watch  1. scientific survey  2. volunteer survey  Plans will help look at what it’s made of, amount, locations, movement, and national and global effects KEY TERMS AND IDEAS

 Citizens concerned and curious about the amount, makeup, and locations of debris patches in our oceans have been pressing NOA’s Marine Debris Program for answers. In response, the organizations is preparing to implement plans and standards for expert study and nonexpert observation, both of which will yield results that will be helpful in determining the significance of the pollution problem (“Efforts and Activities Related to the ‘Garbage Patches’”). PARAPHRASE

Directions: Make a list of the key terms and primary ideas from the following selection from page S16 of Barbara Wilson’s article “Designing Media Messages About Health and Nutrition.” “In addition to being credible, sources can be just plain likeable. How important is it for receivers to feel fondness for the source of a message? It turns out that likeability has weaker persuasive effects than does credibility. Nevertheless, likeability does matter, especially when the topic is of low relevance to the audience. Again,... when receivers are not personally involved in a topic, they are more likely to rely on simple heuristics to respond to a message. A likeable source, in such cases, can be persuasive regardless of the quality of the arguments.” PARAPHRASING PRACTICE

 Original source:  “In addition to being credible, sources can be just plain likeable. How important is it for receivers to feel fondness for the source of a message? It turns out that likeability has weaker persuasive effects than does credibility. Nevertheless, likeability does matter, especially when the topic is of low relevance to the audience. Again,... when receivers are not personally involved in a topic, they are more likely to rely on simple heuristics to respond to a message. A likeable source, in such cases, can be persuasive regardless of the quality of the arguments.”  Sample paraphrase:  According to Barbara Wilson, using a likeable source can grab an audience’s attention, particularly when the audience doesn’t care about the topic. However, when constructing an argument, emphasizing the speaker’s credibility is more effective than relying on the speaker’s likeability (S16). SAMPLE PARAPHRASE