Abolition in the North Economic (self-interest): Emergence of a Market Economy, less dependent upon slave labor Religious (Christian Duty): The Great Awakening Actions of African Americans: Risked lives during Revolutionary war, Freedom suits, etc Intellectual: The Enlightenment

 Philosophy: believed in human conscience, human brotherhood and non-violence  Economic interests: engaged in international business ventures that required educated, efficient, moral workers (opposite of what slavery produces!)  They concluded slavery was sinful  Even though many had previously engaged in it  Responsible for the development of anti-slavery societies

 Blacks risked their lives in the Revolutionary War  African Americans made religious and economic progress in the North  Prevent black rebellions

 North moves towards abolition  20,000 blacks left with British  Expanding free black class  100,000 slaves escaped from masters in the South ▪ (In South Carolina, 25,000 escaped, 30% of the state’s black population left)

 Chesapeake (DE, MA, VA)  Substantial free black population emerges  Black Population in VA

 South Carolina & Georgia  Free black class remained tiny  Most free black people were the children of white slave owners  Less independent of former masters (that Chesapeake blacks)  Lighter complexion

 In the North & Chesapeake, free blacks often moved to cities  Mostly black women  They could more easily find jobs as domestics in the cities than in rural areas  Cities offer opportunities for community development

 Although African Americans often used their new mobility to reunite families disrupted by slavery, relocating to a city could disrupt families that had survived enslavement

 Emerged from slavery w/o economic resources to become independent farmers, shopkeepers, or tradespeople  North: Economic restraints force some to remain with formers masters after emancipation  White artisans use legal & illegal tactics against black competition  Difficult for blacks with skills to find employment

 Signify freedom  Freedom, liberty, justice  Honor African ancestry and complexion  Africa, Guinea, Brown, Coal  Social aspirations  Use biblical surnames of white people

 Forces for Freedom  Forces for Slavery  The Emergence of Free Black Communities  Black Leaders and Choices  War and Politics

 Farmers could more efficiently hire hands during the labor-intensive seasons of planting and harvesting than they could maintain a year- round slave labor force  Northern slaveholders were a small class with limited political power  Transatlantic migration: brings North plenty of white laborers who work cheaply and resent slave competition

 New England States  African Americans refused to remain in servitude  Most white residents agreed with them  Mid-Atlantic states  More people had a vested interest in maintaining slavery ▪ Investment in slaves was greater

 Orderly sale of land, support for public education, territorial government, and the eventual formation of new states  Banned slavery immediately  North of Ohio River