Final Review June 2016

Land Bridge: The Bering Strait- connects Asia(Russia)to North America(Alaska)- nomads followed the food source across the strait to North America (migration) Columbian Exchange: trade between Africa, Europe, Asia to North and South America-only after Columbus-Europeans brought diseases to New World Iroquois Adapting to Environment Different cultures develop because of different geographic features Iroquois – NY- long houses, 3 sisters-corn, beans, squash.

Early Colonization: All water route to Asia(silks and spices) English came for Religious Freedom-Puritans/Pilgrims Jamestown: st permanent English colony in New World Gentlemen-looking to get rich-Problems: poor location, greed, not working together, disease, swampy land/ John Smith- “you don’t work, you don’t eat”/ John Rolfe-saved Jamestown with Tobacco/ First representative gov’t-House of Burgesses Mayflower Compact: Plymouth Massachusetts-Pilgrims-first example of Self Gov’t and majority rule in America

Indentured Servants: From England wanted to come to America but didn’t have $. Colonists would fund the voyage in exchange for their work. Contract-7 years Different from slaves bc they would get their freedom Slavery: Journey from Africa to New World-Middle Passage/ Part of the Triangular Trade- slaved needed to work on Plantations(Gentry-wealthy)in the South-large farms/fertile soil Albany Plan of Union: French and Indian War-Ben Franklin-Snake: Join or Die- colonists unite to defeat the French

Albany Plan of Union

Mercantilism: colonies exist for the benefit of the mother country-favor the economic interests of Great Britain **Proclamation Line of 1763: England restricted colonial movement West of the Appalachian Mts- England passed it bc of Pontiac’s Rebellion- angered colonists **Colonists restricted by the laws passed by the British Gov’t

Loyalists: Colonist that remains loyal to the England (king/crown) during Revolutionary War Patriots: colonist who supported Independence during the Revolution Declaration of Independence: written by Thomas Jefferson- 3 parts a. Natural Rights-life, liberty and property consent of the governed right of the people to alter or abolish gov’t b. List of grievances-problems with G.B. c. established the U.S.

Battle of Saratoga: Turning point of the Revolutionary War-French support the Americans Articles of Confederation: 1 st Gov’t after Revolution Fear of creating a strong Federal government - King George (England) State had more power than the Federal gov’t

Separation of Powers All 3 branches get to deal with laws Legislative- Makes laws Executive- Enforces laws Judicial- Interprets laws

Federalism – DIVISION OF POWERS BETWEEN NATIONAL AND STATE GOVERNMENTS PROTECTS STATES RIGHTS AND PREVENTS ONE GOVERNMENT FROM BECOMING TOO POWERFUL StateFed Shared

Implied Powers– POWERS NOT SPECIFICALLY WRITTEN IN THE CONSTITUTION BUT UNDERSTOOD TO BE NECESSARY GOVERNMENT NEEDED TO BE ABLE TO ADAPT TO CHANGE Elastic clause– “make all laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into execution the foregoing powers.” Allows Flexibility in the Constitution

Precedent: an example to be followed by future President- Washington’s Precedents- 2 terms/cabinet(advisors)/neutrality Marbury v. Madison- Gave S.C. power of Judicial Review-declare laws unconstitutional Alien and Sedition Acts: Passed by John Adams

Whiskey Rebellion: farmers in Penn upset because of the excise tax (whiskey) tried to rebel. Washington sent the troops to crush the rebellion - PROVED THE NEW GOV’T was STRONG Lewis and Clark: sent to explore the Louisiana Purchase(Jefferson), find a route to the Pacific, Native Americans, natural resources, led by Sacajawea Louisiana Purchase: Jefferson bought from France (Napoleon) Jefferson struggled because of strict-interpretation of Constitution (Dem-Rep) Jefferson made a treaty-approved by Congress using the Elastic Clause

War of nd War for Independence Causes: impressment, attacking US ships, weapons to Native Americans, Expansion(Canada) Effects: Increased Nationalism, Star Spangled Banner, Andrew Jackson is a hero Embargo Act: Jefferson-US no trade with any nation at all- Hurt US economy Imports- to bring goods into the US Exports-goods sent from US to other countries

Monroe Doctrine: US attempt to stop Europe from recolonizing in the Western Hemisphere “Dangerous to our peace and safety” Europe will stay out of U.S. affairs “Era of Good Feelings” Period after the War of 1812-Only 1 political party(Democratic Republicans) Period of economic success

Andrew Jackson- elected in 1828 Increased democracy Problems with the Cherokee Bank: Vetoed the Bank King Andrew the First Cartoon Nullification Crisis Treatment of Native Americans – INDIAN REMOVAL ACT - FORCED NATIVE AMERICANS OFF THEIR LAND AND REQUIRED THEM TO MOVE TO INDIAN TERRITORY IN OKLAHOMA TRAIL OF TEARS—FORCED MARCH OF CHEROKEE

Erie Canal- Linked New York City and the Great Lakes- reduced shipping costs dramatically/ Made NY major trading center-helped western farmers Rural: agricultural-farming Urban: urbanization-cities-factories Suburban - a community that is next to or close to a city

Manifest Destiny(Polk): belief that US should expand from the Atlantic to Pacific Ocean- spread our democracy across the continent gained Oregon Country or Fight annexed(add) Texas-led to Mexican American War US gained Mexican Cession(Arizona/California etc.)

Secession: to break away-South Carolina seceded after the election of 1860 Seneca Falls Convention: Women’s Rights movement Declaration of Sentiments- “All men and women are created equal” Underground Railroad- Harriet Tubman- Conductor- secret network to help slaves escape to freedom.

Popular Sovereignty: let the people of a territory decided for themselves if they want to be slave or free Missouri Compromise: (1820) Missouri- Slave state Maine- free state line - all land north free all land south slave

Events Leading to the Civil War Uncle Tom’s Cabin: Harriet Beecher Stowe-showed the evils of slavery-angered southerners Kansas-Nebraska Act- popular sovereignty Illegal voting in Kansas by border ruffians(Missouri)- Led to Bleeding Kansas with John Brown John Brown: raid on Harper’s Ferry-Federal weapons arsenal-arrested (treason), tried, and killed Election of Abraham Lincoln elected-South Carolina seceded

Reconstruction Era 13th amendment: abolish slavery 14 th amendment: citizenship-equal protection under the law 15 th amendment: voting rights for African American MALES

Literacy Test: Requirement that voters be able to read; formerly used in the South to disenfranchise blacks. Poll Taxes: Proof of tax payment, to be produced when voting; used to disenfranchise blacks. Grandfather Clauses: Requirement that for an individual to automatically qualify to vote, his or her grandparents had to have voted (excluded former slaves and their descendants).

Reconstruction Era PERIOD OF REBUILDING AFTER THE CIVIL WAR LINCOLN AND JOHNSON TRIED TO UNIFY THE COUNTRY RADICAL REPUBLICANS TRIED TO PUNISH THE SOUTH