1 Rural Development

2 Historical, Traditional, Social and Legal Backdrop of Panchayati Raj Institution  Village Panchayat, Village Sabha and Chavdi have social community and traditional acceptance in the rural areas Prior to 1 st May, 1960  Different PRI statutes prevailing in different parts of the State before its foundation  Bombay Village Panchayat Act, 1958  Central Province and Local Government Act, 1948  Hyderabad District Board Act,1955  Saurashtra District Panchayat Act,1950  Bombay Village Panchayat Act,1958 made applicable to the State of Maharashtra from 1 st May, 1960

3 Statutes for higher tier Panchayat Raj Institutions  Bombay Local Board Act, 1884 providing for district / taluka boards headed by the District Collector / Prant Officer  Bombay Local Board Act, 1923 providing for elected President and Vice President on District Local Boards  However, separate District School Board for primary education  Bombay Local Board Act, 1938  The Act transformed District Local Boards into truly Democratic Institutions  Providing for reservation of seats for SC and Non Muslim minorities

4 Village Panchayat Level Statutes  Bombay Village Panchayat Act,1920  Providing for Statutory Village Panchayat as a fully elected body providing voting rights only to Adult Male members  Bombay Village Panchayat Act,1933  Conferring voting rights to women for the first time  Bombay Village Panchayat Act, 1939  Compulsory levy of House Tax, appointment of Secretary of Panchayat by Govt.,15% of land revenue collection assigned to Panchayat, are salient features  Mandatory to form Panchayat in areas with population above 2000

5 Panchayat Raj Institutions in Maharashtra ( )  Bombay Village Pancahayat Act,1958 made applicable to whole of Maharashtra  Nyay Panchayat, Revenue Collection and Revenue Record Maintenance by Village Panchayat continued, Village Panchayat assigned the work of collection on land revenue and maintenance of record  Provisions for casting responsibility upon Panchayats for primary education continued-Imposition of penalty for not sending child to primary school, Gram Dand (Joint Village Penalty) for practicing untouchability in the village  Gram Sevaks of Panchayats made appointees of the Local Board, Different Designations (Karbhari, etc.) abolished

6 *Maharashtra did not adopt Balwantrai Mehta Report if sofacto, but appointed Committee under Shri Vasantrao Naik, then Revenue Minister of Maharashtra, resulting in enactment of Maharashtra Zilla Parishad and Panchayat Samiti Act, 1961 *Zilla Parishads and Panchayat Samitis constituted on 1 st May, 1962 Advocated a strong Zilla Rural Sarkar compared to Balwantrai Mehta Report providing for strong Taluka /Community Block Development set up *Schedules in ZP and PS Act & GP Act for transferred activities /schemes /programmes  129 activities to ZPs, 75 to PSs and 79 subjects to GPs.

7 Administrative Departments for Rural Development  Before 1960  Local Government and Public Health Department  Single Administrative Dept. for Rural and Urban Local Self Governing Bodies  Most of the activities under Rule of Business pertained to preventive and curative health & hygiene related measures  Water Supply, Sanitation, Epidemic Control, Medicine Distribution etc.  Sanitation Tax, Water Supply Charges and Land Cess were mandated  From 1 st May, 1960 Rural Development & Cooperation Dept.  After foundation of Maharashtra  PRIs and Cooperatives treated as prime institutions of Rural Development

8  From 1 st May,1962  Three Tire PRI system commenced  Rural Development Dept. made separate, independent Administrative Department  Cooperation Dept. linked to Agriculture Department  All aspects of Rural Development brought underRDD  78 Desks, 18 Deputy / Jt. Secretaries  Water Supply and Sanitation Dept., Water Conservation Dept. Non Conventional Energy Dept., Women & Child Development Dept. separated from RDD and independent Administrative Departments afterwards

Golden Era of PRIs  Chief Executive Officer, ZP  Senior to Collector for first 1-2 years  Providing No Confidence Motion against CEO  Panchayat Samitis were implementing wings of ZPs  District Level Cooperative and Zilla Parishads have complementary representations and coordination  Powers to ZP General Body to call any district officer for its meeting  Schedules for activities transferred to ZP (129), PS (75), GP (79) as transferred subjects  Powers to increase list of activities vested in Govt.  However, to withdraw any activity, permission of Legislative Assembly required.

10  Provision for Incentive Grants by Govt. in proportion to recovery of taxes by PRIs  Water Supply, Minor Irrigation, Village Roads, Social welfare, Agriculture, Animal Husbandry, Dairy Development, Industrial Coop. Societies, Unconventional Energy etc. were important subjects transferred  Gram Suraksha Dal at Gram Panchayat level  Sarpanch has executive powers  Gram Panchayat Secretary, a ministerial support  Collective decision making system at ZP & PS level,  CEO & BDO are implementing officer

– Retrogate Steps  Many transferred schemes / programmes / activities reverted back to Line Departments of govt. from ZP / Panchayat Samiti  More programmes given on Agency basis than as Transferred subjects to ZP / PS  District Planning and Development Council (DPDC) constituted and responsibility of District Planning transferred from ZP to Council  Guardian Minister, MPs, MLAs had say & influence in DPDCs  Elected ZP representatives relegated powers in district development  No election for ZP / GP for 13 years during this period  Appointment of Administrator for some time during this period  Adverse impact on ZP administration and PRI management system

12 Post 1993 Scenario  73 rd Constitutional Amendment  Making GPs center of Rural Development activities  However implementation through parastatal bodies  NRHM, SSA, ICDS, IWDC, VWSC,VDC, JFMC etc.  Complete Lack of Unity of Command at GP and PS level  Parallel units bypassing GPs at village level,  Practice adopted by Line Department (GoI /GoM)  Competition and Conflict amongst 3 tier of Panchayati Raj also  Increasing interference of other senior level people’s representatives in ZPs and GPs working or strategically bypassing them  New avtar of DPC also ostensibly pro-PRI but actually bureaucratic and MLA oriented  State Finance Commission constituted  Implementation of the recommendations, particularly regarding fiscal devolution remained unimplemented  State Election Commission constituted  Independent election of PRIs ensured  Concrete steps for Capacity Building of PRI functionaries  Particularly after reservation regimen, when need is most

13 Rural Development - Components  Basic Physical Infrastructure  Household, Community, Public  Basic Social Needs  Health, Education, Nutrition, Social Security (Food, old age)  Human Development  Livelihood Opportunities  Wage, employment, Self employment  Environmental Balance  Contain pollution (water, soil, air)  Adverse climate change (Rainy Season)  Vision  Green village, Clean village, Able village (Æü¸üßŸÖ ÖÏÖ´Ö, þ֓” ûÖÏÖ´Ö, ÃÖÖ´Ö ÖÏÖ´Ö)  Prosperous village, Happy villagers (ÃÖ´Ö鬤ü ÖÏÖ´Ö, ÃÖÓ¯Ö®Ö ÖÏÖ´ÖãÖ)

14 Rural Maharashtra – Geography  Geographical area 3,08,000 Sq.km.  Cities/Towns (223 Municipalitiesl + 23 Corporations) 12,000 Sq.km.  Industrial Area (MIDC+ Other factories) 11,000 Sq.km.  Rural Area 2,85,000 Sq.km.  Forest Area 62,000 Sq.Km.  River and water bodies 30,000 Sq.km.  Agriculture (includingGairan + Barren Land) 1,75,000 Sq.Km.  Village Gaonthan Areas(including Vadi, Vasti 18,000 Sq.km. Padas)

15 Rural Maharashtra – Demography & PRIs  No. of Zilla Parishads34  No. of Panchayat Samitis351  No. of Gram Panchayats27,920  Revenue Villages41,095 (Habitated)  Habitations (Wadi, Vasti, Padas)97206  Total population cr. (2011 Census)  Rural population 6.15 cr. (2011 Census)  Rural families 1.30 cr. (2011 Census)  No. of rural houses1.05 cr.  BPL Families45,00,000  No. of SHGs2,50,000

16 Potential Rural Growth Centers  389 Gram Panchayats out of have population ranging from 10,000 to 50,000  151 Block / Taluka headquarters were Gram Panchayats and now coverted into Nagarpachayats  Cannot be declared Urban Local Bodies as the main source of in  Gram Panchayats having population more than 5000 and less than – 1407  Potential Growth Centers of the Rural Maharashtra  Needs Special Dispensation

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18 Departments and Staff in Zilla Parishads ZP Cl.III staff Staff of other Dept. (GP level) ZP Cl.IV staff  Talathi Officer & Gram Sevak  Krushi Sevaks Gram Panchayat Staff  Pashudhan 774 Paryavekshak Anganwadi Sevika Anganwadi Madatnis  Aasha (Mansevi) 9000  Pada Swayansevak  Kotwal (Mansevi)  Police Patil Total Total Village serving Employees (ZP + PS + GP + Others) 7,58,808 Establishment Cost ( ZP + PS + GP) 7930 cr.

19 Elected Representatives in Panchayat PRI ClassificationTotal Women Seats 1. Zilla ParishadsMember Chairman Panchayat SamitiMember Sabhapati Gram PanchayatMember Sarpanch  Reservation for women increased to 50% from 30% from this year  Reservation for women in Panchayat Raj System introduced in April, 1990  Enhanced from 30% to 1/3 after the 73 rd Amendment of Constitution  There is also provision for reservation of seats for backward groups (SC 13.5%, ST 9.5% and other backward classes 27%

20 Annual Average Development Funds- ZP/GP/PS Sr.No.Name of Scheme / ProgrammeCentral Share State Share ZP / GP /Own Funds Total (Rs. Cr.) 1Centrally Sponsored Programme (Implemented by State RDD) Centrally Sponsored Scheme (Other State Dept.) Total Central Schemes State Schemes ZP own income GP own income Total (1 + 5)

21 Taxation Burden in Rural Area

22 Major Centrally Sponsored Schemes (RDD)  Indira Awas Yojna  Cost Rs per House (State Rs.34,750, Central Rs.33,750)  NRLM  Swarna Jayanti Gram Swarojgar Yojna  To elevate standard of living of rural people  Backward Region Grant Fund (BRGF)  PMGSY  13 th Finance Commission  Two post General Grant, Performance Grant State to receive Rs.5500 cr. In 5 years  National Bio gas Programme

23 State Programmes  Yashwant Gram Samruddhi Yojana  Grants for ZP and Gram Panchayat buildings  Special programme for providing basic amenities to villages  Development of Pilgrim Centres  100% contribution for GP for paying electricity bills  Paryavaran Santulit Smruddha Gram Yojana  Special programme for Rural Growth Centres.

24 E - Panchayat Computerisation of All GPs & SANGRM Programme to be started from 1 st May’ 11 Central to Provide 12 Software PRIASOFT, Plan Plus already started All Panchayats to be online by December, 2011 Biometric System of attendance for Students, Employees & officers in ZP, PS, GP & schools

25 Village Development : Approaches & Strategies  Parental  Transferred schemes, Agency Basis, Directive by State (Top Down Approach )  Eleventh Schedule Vs. State scenario  2515, MLA Fund, Govt. Grants  Devolution (delegation) of Taxes / cess / charges  Land cess, Irrigation cess, Stamp Duty  Vehicle Tax ( % ) Professional Tax ( % )  Payment Mode  Incentive Grants  Partnering for Development  Government, PRIs, Community  Yashwant Gram Samruddhi Yojana, Jalswarajya Yojana,  Public Private Partnership (PPP)  PURA, PMGSY

26  Competition for Development  Compliance of conditionalities to earn Development Funds  All villages to compete  Sant Gadgebaba Clean village Sanitation Campaign (Competition for sanitation)  Yashwant Gram Samruddhi Yojna  PMEIS (GoI)  Shahu Phule Ambedkar Campaign  Kuposhan Mukta Gram Spardha  Performance led Development  No competition with other villages  Competition with self  Nirmal Gram Puraskar ODF villages  Tanta Mukta Gram Abhiyan (State)

27  Development through Sustained Efforts  Reform, Perform, Advance  Graduated scaling of performance  Earn Untied Development Funds on yearly, regular basis  Plan, Executive, Manage, Innovate  Community Driven Micro planning  Social Audit, Independent Quality Assessment, AG Technical Audit

28 DEVOLUTION 29 subjects to be transferred 11 subjects transferred 102 schemes transferred staff transferred

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30 10.Rural electrification, including distribution of electricity. 11.Poverty alleviation programme 12.Adult and non formal education 13.Libraries 14.Markets and fairs 15.Family welfare 16.Welfare of the weaker sections and in particular of the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes 17.Public distribution system 18.Maintenance of community assets.