Federal Republic of Nigeria 9.1

 Homework: Briefing Paper Part 1 due on 4/27 and 4/28 … Don’t forget about the AP Exam Review (test grade!)  Discuss the Mexico Test --- Retakes by end of the day May 2 nd  Nigeria PPT 9.1

 Assess Mexico content knowledge by discussing test results  Analyze and recognize the foundations of Nigerian government by completing work in the WCSG and drawing comparisons between Nigeria and the other countries studied in this course.

 X Day  4/26= BP Part 1 and PPT 9.1  4/28=BP Part 2 and PPT 9.2  5/2= PPT 9.3  5/4= CCQ and PPT 9.4  5/6= PPT 9.5 and Practice Test  5/10= Nigeria Quiz and Practice test  Y Day  4/27= BP Part 1 and PPT 9.1  4/29=BP Part 2 and PPT 9.2  5/3= PPT 9.3  5/5= CCQ and PPT 9.4  5/9= PPT 9.5 and Practice Test  5/11= Nigeria Quiz and Practice test

 Nigeria, one-third larger than Texas and the most populous country in Africa, is situated on the Gulf of Guinea in West Africa. Its neighbors are Benin, Niger, Cameroon, and Chad.

 Neither its leaders nor its citizens agree on the basics of who should rule Nigeria and how.  This dilemma is known as the "national question”  How the country should be governed, or if Nigeria should remain as one nation?  The issue is magnified by regional disagreements and hostilities and by the tendency to solve problems by military force and authoritarian leaders, not by mutual agreement.

 Constitutionalism - the acceptance of a constitution as a guiding set of principles.  Not in Nigeria  Between 1914 and today there have been 8 constitutions, the most recent one being written in  Leaders have ignored, disobeyed or suspended constitutional principles regularly.  Which means they are also lacking in terms of Rule of Law…

 There is a constitutional movement (whether to change it or not) underway because of  Disintegration  Failed state – a state that fails to provide basic necessities  Labor strike and revolt Jan 2012  Boko-Haram  Militancy in the Niger Delta  Poverty  Corruption  Illiteracy  Corruption of the rule of law  Economic disparity between the north and south

 The Situation Seems Pretty Complex... The Situation Seems Pretty Complex...  This is indicative of the lack of understanding that many Americans show not only towards Nigeria but African countries in general

 Nigeria: A Nation Divided Nigeria: A Nation Divided

 Do they have constitutionalism? Evidence? PROVE IT!  UK  Russia  China  Mexico  Iran  Nigeria

 Do they have constitutionalism? Evidence? PROVE IT!  UK= yes – high legitimacy, election turnout, fewer riots, etc.  Russia=yes – high legitimacy, election turnout, high approval ratings for Putin, etc.  China=yes – high approval ratings for the CCP, CCP membership #s, etc  Mexico=yes – electoral turnout, abide by laws --- No – drug violence and drug cartels  Iran= Reformist say no, disagree with Shia power --- Conservatives say yes and they are in power, electoral turnout, etc.  Nigeria= no – rewritten the constitution 8 times, leaders routinely ignore the constitution

 Nigeria gained its independence from the UK in 1960, which means that establishing legitimacy in such a young country is challenging.  Nigeria has strong impulses toward fragmentation - tendency to fall apart along ethnic, regional and religious lines.  The military is one of the few national organizations and provides stability that lends to its legitimacy, even if it poses problems with democracy.

 Many citizens have little or no trust in their leaders abilities to run an efficient or trustworthy state.  As a British colony, Nigerians learned to rely on rule of law, but since independence, military leaders have used military might to enforce their tentative, personalized authority, and often ignore the rule of law.

 Corruption has also alienated citizens further.  At one point 31 out of 36 governors were under investigation for corruption

 Geographic influences million people and six geographic zones o Northwest - dominated by two groups that combined as the Hausa-Fulani. Predominately Muslim. o Northeast - home to many smaller groups such as the Kanuri, primarily Muslim o Middle Belt - contains many smaller ethnic groups and is a mix of both Muslims and Christians o Southwest - The Yoruba ethnic group dominates this area. it is about 40% Muslim, 40% Christian and 20% devoted to native religion o Southeast - primarily inhabited by the Igbo, primarily Roman Catholic but with a growing number of Protestants o Southern Zone - belong to various small minority groups.

 Should Nigeria remain as one – decide with the people around you.  Come up with 2 specific reasons that back up your decision.  Place your sticky note on the board … for or against remaining as one country!

Political and Economic Change Modern Nigeria (1960-Present)  Parliamentary government was replaced by a military dictatorship. This set in motion the tendency for government to change hands quickly and violently.  military dictator Olusegun Obasanjo willingly stood down for a democratically elected president, Shehu Shagari, but he was forced out of office by 1983 and a military coup led by General Muhammed Buhari.

 2 more coups took place until 1999, when a democratic election brought Obasanjo back to power, but this time as a civilian. (in total, there were 8 coups)  Each election since Obasanjo (1999, 2003, 2007) has been rife with fraud and violence, with the 2007 election as the worst.  The development of nationalism eluded Nigeria during this time period, and created the "national question" or the possibility that Nigeria would not survive as a country.

Security and customs officials at Lagos’ International Airport suggest to travelers that gifts will facilitate progress through the airport. Obasanjo, as his second term ended, approved the sale of two oil refineries and a contract for the construction of a nationwide chain of health clinics to companies owned by his allies. Yar’Adua cancelled these deals when he took office.

Activity Let’s try to make this easy on ourselves – how would we summarize political change in Nigeria? Come up with 1 sentence and 1 picture that summarizes political change in Nigeria … which group has the best?

My example!!! Nigeria has experienced periods of democracy interrupted by 8 military coups, which has led to political, economic and social instability.

Economic Change By 1985, Nigeria was experiencing debt, balance of payment problems and a lack of fiscal discipline. In 1985, the Babangida regime developed an economic structural adjustment program with the support of the World Bank and the IMF. – Privatization was the key component and was intended to generate revenue, reduce state expenditures and improve efficiency.

– Babangida privatized the oil industry – Nigeria takes a cut of all the oil from Shell and BP, but prebendalism means it doesn’t tricke down nigeria-the-cost-of-oil/100082/ nigeria-the-cost-of-oil/100082/

– It also pledged to reduce government spending and to privatize its para-statals. – The expectations that privatization would lead to more foreign investments in manufacturing, diversification of the economy and greater economic developments have not been realized. – Nigeria’s reputation for fraud discourages international companies from doing business here and the economy continued to depend heavily on the oil industry. – In 2005 the international community forgave $20 billion of Nigeria’s foreign debt.

On the white boards Which countries have experienced a structural adjustment change? Out of these countries, which of these SAP have been relatively successful? Which haven’t? Compare economic liberalization in Nigeria with economic liberalization in Mexico.

Answers Success Mexico (steady, although limited in growth) Russia 9late 1990s came out of inflation Unsuccessful Nigeria – Has not worked!!!

Citizens, Society and the State Many societal characteristics of Nigeria make democratization a challenge Nigeria is expected to become the world’s fourth most populous country by 2050, with 400 million people. That’s an addition of 11,000 people a day. The government does distribute free contraceptives. Poverty - about 60% of all Nigerians live below the poverty line, with many in absolute poverty without the means to actually survive. Absolute poverty grew 60% last year. In Lagos, 2/3 of residents live in slums.

 Large gap between the rich and poor - very unequal with a gini index of.44. A few people are very wealthy and most are very poor. Remember, 0 = perfect equality, 1= perfect inequality, one person has all the money Gini coefficients for income range from approximately 0.23 (Sweden) to 0.70 (Namibia) although not every country has been assessed. The government controls so much of the productive resources that it is hard for the people to get their fair share of the “national cake.”

 Health issues - There is 1 doctor for every 5,000 Nigerians, making them reliant on NGOs, like Doctors Without Borders  Literacy - There is a gap between the male literacy rate at 75.7% and the female rate of 60.6%. It is below the world average of 87% for men and 77% for women, even though it is higher than many other African states.  Cultural and religious factors make it hard for women to attend school in the north