10.2 Aspectuality and aspect 1412050 최미라. The notion of Aspect is concerned with the way in which the grammar of a language encodes how situations unfold.

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Presentation transcript:

10.2 Aspectuality and aspect 최미라

The notion of Aspect is concerned with the way in which the grammar of a language encodes how situations unfold over time. The related semantic notion is aspectuality. English has two kinds of aspect 1. Progressive aspect 2. Perfect aspect

Progressive aspect The progressive construction *progressive construction: the auxiliary verb be followed by the present participle form of a verb. (23) Jenny is writing a message to her boyfriend. (24) Harry was cooking when I arrived at his house. The progressive construction can occur in finite and nonfinite. (25) They may be waiting outside for you. (26) Dawn will have been being seen by her doctor.

uses of the progressive The progressive construction typically occurs with verbs that express an ongoing activity in the present or past state verbs, which, as their name suggests, denote a stative situation (27) Otto is being extremely aggressive. (28) Otto is extremely aggressive. Used with stative verbs like want, understand: ( 29) I’m really loving this cake you made! (30) Don’t bother: he’s not understanding what you are saying. Always, continually, forever : (31) Danny is always telling me what to do, and it really annoys me.

Perfect aspect The perfect construction *perfect construction : the perfect auxiliary have with the past participle form of a verb (32) Madeline has been Egypt. (33) Madeline had been to Egypt by the time she was ten. (34) I haven’t seen her since last week. (35) *We have eaten in that restaurant yesterday. (36) I’m very pleased to have met you. (37) Having finished my essay I went out for a quick bite to eat. (38) The result may have been influenced by the weather. ate

Uses of the present perfect 1. Present perfect of the recent past (hot news perfect) (39) Norbert has recently bought himself a sportscar. (…which explains why he looks so smug.) (40) The shop has just closed. (…now we have to find some milk elsewhere.) (41) The authorities have announced in the past hour that the prisoners will be released. ( 뉴스항목 ) * just, lately, recently

Uses of the present perfect 2. Continuative perfect (42) I have always loved swimming. (43) They have lived in the house on the corner since the early sixties. (44) We have always played bingo on a Tuesday night. 3. Present perfect of result (45) The car was on fire for half an hour. Now it has exploded. 4. Experiential present perfect (46) She has seen that film before.