Exploration of the Moon1 Lunar Exploration “Historical perspective…of the Future” Ted Spitzmiller

Exploration of the Moon2 “Renewed Spirit of Discovery,” A new vision for Nation's space exploration program. Committed to a long-term human and robotic program –Explore solar system –Return to the Moon –Enable future exploration of Mars and other destinations. Gives NASA a new focus and clear objectives. Administration believes it will be –Affordable –Sustainable –Safe

Exploration of the Moon3 But Enthusiasm is Lacking “Been there done that” attitude prevails What’s different today than 50 years ago?

Exploration of the Moon4 Soviets launched Sputnik I The world changed—forever Start of the Space Race It All Started in October 1957

Exploration of the Moon5 Sputnik II — Raised Expectations

Exploration of the Moon6 Conquest of Space a Military Mandate? Many experts declared the Moon as a critical new ‘High ground” A political imperative First “unexplored” world mankind was capable of reaching

Exploration of the Moon7 America Rushed to “Catch Up” Available US launch vehicles not capable Soviets R-7

Exploration of the Moon8 IRBM as Basis Under ARPA –Air Force Thor Able –Army Juno II Spacecraft called “Pioneer”

Exploration of the Moon9 Thor Able — Pioneer I and II 78 Pounds

Exploration of the Moon10 Juno II — Pioneer III and IV 13.5 Pounds

Exploration of the Moon11 First US Attempts in 1958 Failures kept US from being “first” to the Moon. But Pioneers 1 and 2 “failures” discovered second van Allen radiation belt

Exploration of the Moon12 Soviet Luna 1 — January 1959 Instrumentation Scintillation- Geiger- counters Magnetometer Micrometeorite detectors. Soviet pennants Sodium gas  Glowing orange trail allowed visual track  Behavior of gas in space — solar wind (ionized plasma) 796 pounds!

Exploration of the Moon13 Luna II — September 1959 Lunar Impact!

Exploration of the Moon14 Luna 3 — Imaging the Far Side

Exploration of the Moon15 Luna III Dual lens camera –200 mm f/5.6 aperture objective –500 mm, f/9.5 objective 40 frames Temperature- and radiation resistant 35- mm isochrome film Automatic film processing, TV scanner

Exploration of the Moon16 Pioneer and Luna Programs A precursor of things to come Frantic effort to explore the Moon Many “firsts” held public interest and excitement high… Ominous predictions of Soviet domination kept the $$$ flowing.

Exploration of the Moon17 Ranger “Rough” landers Imaging to impact 6 consecutive failures 3 magnificent successes PIA03495

Exploration of the Moon18 Luna 4-9 “Rough” Landers 3,490 pounds 218 pounds

Exploration of the Moon19 First Image from Lunar Surface Returned TV panoramas and radiation data over four days

Exploration of the Moon20 Surveyor 1-7 Soft Landers

Exploration of the Moon21 Great Surface Detail!

Exploration of the Moon22 US Lunar Orbiter 1-5

Exploration of the Moon23 Lunar Orbiter II “Photo of the Century”

Exploration of the Moon24 First Ten years of Unmanned Missions USA 30 missions –1 of first 15 successful – 14 of last 15 successful USSR 29 mission –3 of first 15 Successful –5 of last 14 Successful

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Exploration of the Moon26 Luna Sample & Return The Home Stretch

Exploration of the Moon27 Apollo 11

Exploration of the Moon28

Exploration of the Moon Hiten (Japan) 1990 Clementine (USA) 1994 Lunar Prospector (USA) 1998 Smart 1 (ESA) 2003 Kaguya (Japan) 2007 Chang’e 1 (China) 2007 Has the Moon Lost its Glow? 68 Missions21 Missions0 Missions3 Missions

Exploration of the Moon30 Motivation in the New Millennium Can America stay the course without: Periodic infusion of excitement Foreign competition Possible tragedies While enduring: Multiple Administrations Variable funding

Exploration of the Moon cm long X 120 cm at max diameter of flange. cylindrical section 95 cm in diameter. Canister hermetically sealed and pressurized at 0.23 atmospheres. Solar cells provided power to the chemical batteries. Jalousies for thermal control open to expose a radiating surface when the interior temperature exceeded 25 degrees C. Micrometeoroid cosmic ray detectors Gas jets for attitude control Photoelectric cells used to maintain orientation to Sun and Moon. no course adjustment. film processing radio equipment,

Exploration of the Moon32 very indistinct pictures, tentative atlas of the lunar farside produced. showed mountainous terrain, very different from the near side, and only two dark regions which were named Mare Moscovrae (Sea of Moscow) and Mare Desiderii (Sea of Dreams). (Mare Desiderii was later found to be composed of a smaller mare, Mare Ingenii (Sea of Ingenuity) and other dark craters.)

Exploration of the Moon33 Luna 4 Soviet’s first successful "second generation" lunar program. launched on Molniya 8K78 April 2, 1963 Used 167 x 182 km Earth “parking” orbit during trans-lunar coast astronavigation system failed (most likely due to thermal control problems) spacecraft could not be oriented properly for planned midcourse correction missed the Moon by 8400 km entered a 89,250 x 694,000 km equatorial Earth orbit. mass of 1422 kg and carried an imaging system and radiation detector. built by design bureau OKB-1 based on tYe-6 satellite body. probe was to soft land on based on the trajectory

Exploration of the Moon34 Luna III Mission Launched on R-7 (8K72) over Earth's north pole with Blok-E escape stage Initial radio contact showed signal only half as strong as expected –interior temperature increasing. –spin axis reoriented and some equipment shut down –Temperature reduced from 40 C to about 30 C. At 65,000 km from Moon, orientation sys was turned on, spacecraft rotation stopped. lower end of station oriented towards Sun spacecraft passed within 6,200 km of Moon near south pole on October 6, 1959 On October 7, photocell on spacecraft detected sunlit far side of Moon photography sequence started –first image taken at distance of 63,500 km from Moon's surface –last 40 minutes later from 66,700 km. –29 photographs covered 70% of far side After photography spacecraft resumed spinning passed over north pole of Moon and returned toward Earth. 17 resolvable but noisy photographs were transmitted by October 18 Contact with probe was lost on October 22

Exploration of the Moon35 Photocell detect Moon and orient upper end of spacecraft and cameras towards it. signaled camera cover to open and photography sequence to start automatically. After photography complete, film moved to on-board processor developed, fixed, and dried. Commands from Earth moved film to scanner bright spot (CRT) projected through film onto photelectric multiplier. spot scanned across film and photomultiplier converted intensity into an electric signal which was transmitted to Earth. A frame resolution of 1000 lines

Exploration of the Moon36

Exploration of the Moon37 PIA03495

Exploration of the Moon38 Exploration past 35 years Hiten (Japan) January 24, 1990 –Earth orbiter preformed ten lunar fly-bys –Sub-satellite Hagoromo entered lunar orbit—failed –First use of low-energy (weak stability boundary) transfer orbit Clementine (USA) Jan 25, 94 Lunar orbit –Mapped lunar surface. –Malfunction prevented planned fly-by of asteroid Geographos. Lunar Prospector (USA) Jan 6, 98 Lunar orbiter. –Mapped minerals, magnetic & gravitational fields; –Discovered evidence of possible water ice at lunar poles. SMART-1 (ESA) Sep 27, 03 Ariane –First European mission to the Moon; –entered lunar orbit 15-Nov-04. –Two phase mission to test new technologies and study the Moon. Kaguya (Japan) Sep 24, 07 Lunar orbiter with two sub-satellites –Entered lunar orbit 3 Oct 3,07 –Scientific data on lunar origins & evolution, develop technology for future lunar exploration Chang'e 1 (China) Oct 24, 07 –China's first mission to the Moon; lunar orbiter. –3D images of lunar surface, map element distribution, evaluate soil depth, study space environment.