A bit of BTF history Paolo Valente on behalf of the BTF team 22/5/2003 First BTF Users Workshop – Frascati, 6 th and 7 th May, 2014

The beginning 2 Originally foreseen in the DAFNE complex: F. Sannibale and G. Vignola, DAFNE technical note LC-2/1991

First BTF Users Workshop – Frascati, 6 th and 7 th May, 2014 The concept 3 The original idea of the BTF was already to have two distinct operation modes: a)Single particle mode b)Full extraction of the primary beam The idea was to use the LINAC beam only when not injecting, thus sharing the same transfer line to the damping ring

First BTF Users Workshop – Frascati, 6 th and 7 th May, 2014 BTF operation modes Starting from (10 9 ) electrons (positrons) from the DAFNE LINAC, with E max =550/750 MeV and  t= ns, it operates mainly in two different intensity regimes: -High intensity: primary beam driven to the experimental hall, between 250 MeV and E max, tuned with collimators -Single particle/bunch (Poisson distribution) between few tens of MeV and E max, created intercepting the beam with a variable depth Cu target, selecting the energy and collimating. Intermediate intensity (<10 5 particles/bunch) is also achievable with target at low energy [Primary beam fixed to E=510 MeV and  t=10 ns during operations of DAFNE collider] 1% momentum resolution Spot size down to 2×2 mm 2, 2 mrad divergence S-band gives 2856 MHz micro-bunching

First BTF Users Workshop – Frascati, 6 th and 7 th May, : commissioning 5 Lead/scintillating fiber “spaghetti” calorimeter, read by a single PMT Scintillator palettes read on both sides for beam “centering” The first BTF team: G. Mazzitelli, P. Valente G. Mazzitelli et al., Nucl. Instrum. Meth. A (2003)

First BTF Users Workshop – Frascati, 6 th and 7 th May, : start with users 6 First test-beam: A tile calorimeter calibration (users provided tracker also shown) Full commitment of Accelerator Division and DAFNE operations

First BTF Users Workshop – Frascati, 6 th and 7 th May, : improve BTF equipment 7 Already available:  a basic DAQ system (ADC, TDC, scaler) with single board computer and data logging  Motorized table  Gas lines  Consoles for beam control Added:  KLOE calorimeter prototype (14 cells, 5 samples) for low energy monitoring  Cerenkov quartz counter for high intensity monitor  Start building a scintillating fiber “hodoscope” KLOE calorimeter 80 MeV electrons

First BTF Users Workshop – Frascati, 6 th and 7 th May, : scintillating fiber 2D profile detector 8 x and y views made up by 4 layers of scintillating fibers, 1 mm diameter, read by 16 channels multi-anode PMT’s Integrated in the BTF DAQ Still in use for real-time monitoring of beam size and position M. Anelli et al., LNF-04/24(IR)

First BTF Users Workshop – Frascati, 6 th and 7 th May, DC dipole 3° Pulsed dipole 3° 3-way beam pipe LINAC spectrometer (1 bunch/s) BTF line To/from damping ring 2004 upgrade: an independent BTF line

First BTF Users Workshop – Frascati, 6 th and 7 th May, upgrade: an independent BTF line : DC/pulsed power converter Ramp up <10 ms Flat top [5, 960 ms] 3-way beam-pipe

First BTF Users Workshop – Frascati, 6 th and 7 th May, upgrade: an independent BTF line Added new slits for vertical collimation after energy selection (for better beam definition): SLTB03 Added new slits for horizontal collimation before the energy selection (for improving the resolution): SLTB02 Target moved to the BTF line Final layout:

First BTF Users Workshop – Frascati, 6 th and 7 th May, : photon tagging dipole magnet silicon tagging target silicon detectors Be window Bremsstrahlung photon Incoming electron Designed and built in close collaboration with the AGILE team, with the main purpose ot the scientific payload calibration: Silicon trackers + calorimeter

First BTF Users Workshop – Frascati, 6 th and 7 th May, : photon tagging 13 Silicon tagging detectors Silicon tagging target

First BTF Users Workshop – Frascati, 6 th and 7 th May, : AGILE payload calibration 14 AGILE calibration mini-workshop: MeV × Crab Nebula

First BTF Users Workshop – Frascati, 6 th and 7 th May, : new beam pipe 15 Thinned Al walls for better photon tagging New exit (Kapton) windows

First BTF Users Workshop – Frascati, 6 th and 7 th May, 2014 From 2008: neutron studies 16 As by-product of FLUKA studies: design of target shielding for reducing the background

First BTF Users Workshop – Frascati, 6 th and 7 th May, : 17  Number of neutrons proportional to the electron beam power: P = rate×energy =[N×f]×E N = number of particles per bunch (let’s consider 1×10 10 ) f = frequency (up to 49 Hz) E = beam energy (usually 510, up to 800) Maximum power: 40 W at 510 MeV  From Swanson’s empirical formula  n/s for Tungsten  -20% on Lead, +50% on Uranium 500 MeV

First BTF Users Workshop – Frascati, 6 th and 7 th May, Simulated and designed an optimized target (W cylinder d=70 mm, l=60 mm) and shielding system (lead and polyethylene) Measurements of the neutron field (Bonner spheres) and of the photon background in good agreement with simulations 1 MeV 100 MeV 1 keV 10 eV Isolethargic fluence

First BTF Users Workshop – Frascati, 6 th and 7 th May, At 1.5 m distance: Total neutron flux: 8×10 -7 n/cm 2 /pr ±3% Flux = 4.5×10 5 n/cm 2 /s Equivalente dose = 45 mSv/h d (m) ×10 -7 n/cm 2 /pr d (m) ×10 -5  /cm 2 /pr At 1.5 m distance Total photon flux = 1×10 6  /cm 2 /s With 1.1×10 11 n in the target: -8.8×10 8 n/cm 2 /s exiting from the target -1.87×10 10  /cm 2 /s exiting from the target More measurements planned in 2014: charged particles? (pions, protons, alpha, …)

First BTF Users Workshop – Frascati, 6 th and 7 th May, : AIDA BTF beam-line equipped with: –Remotely controlled 2-axis trolley, fully operational –GEM tracker for precise measurement of beam position and size (in 1 coordinate: 100  m resolution only along the drift), fully integrated and operational –Multi-purpose DAQ for the users, sensors, diagnostics, rad. monitors, etc. [see next slides on facility improvements] Calibration with LYSO calorimeter (5×5 matrix) for precise energy measurement and particle counting at low energy 20 Beam energy spread from comparison of 1 electron and N electron energy resolution

First BTF Users Workshop – Frascati, 6 th and 7 th May, 2014 BTF users: Test of detectors/1 -Calorimeters:  Homogenous/crystals: CMS upgrade, Graal, Belle-II, KLOE-2, Linear collider, CLAS12, Gamma-400;  Sampling: Mu2E, KLOE-2, AMS, DAFNE-LUMI, Linear collider, Mambo, NA62, MICE, BES-III;  Cerenkov: DREAM, NA62 -Gas detectors:  GEM/Micromegas: ATLAS muon upgrade, LHCb, UA9, Siddharta, KLOE-2;  Drift chamber/tubes: Super-B, MEG2, TPS;  RPC: ARGO-YBJ, Linear collider; -Silicon/diamond detectors:  Microstrip:  AGILE, Insubria;  Pixel:  CMS upgrade, ALICE ITS upgrade, Linear collider, MIMOSA 21

First BTF Users Workshop – Frascati, 6 th and 7 th May, 2014 KLOE-2 cylindrical GEM inner tracker 22

First BTF Users Workshop – Frascati, 6 th and 7 th May, 2014 BTF users: Test of detectors/2 -Scintillating/Fluorescence detectors: MEG, timing counter, MEG2, timing counter upgrade; neutron detection, NRCA, beam diagnostics;  Fiber-trackers: MEG2, BES-III, Plasmon-X (Sparc-lab),  Fluorescence chamber: AIRFLY (Auger); -Cerenkov detectors:  RICH: LHCb, AIACE, CLAS12;  Threshold: UA9 -Nuclear emulsion: OPERA 23

First BTF Users Workshop – Frascati, 6 th and 7 th May, 2014 BTF: RAP Study of thermo-acustic effect on cryogenic resonant antenna due to charged particles (background to GW detectors like Nautilus) Runs in 2003, 2005 and

First BTF Users Workshop – Frascati, 6 th and 7 th May, 2014 BTF: AIRFLY : first run Fluorescence yield relative to Cerenkov 2008: Absolute fluorescence yield measurement

First BTF Users Workshop – Frascati, 6 th and 7 th May, 2014 BTF: AMY ns

First BTF Users Workshop – Frascati, 6 th and 7 th May, 2014 BTF: emittance measurement 27 Measured 508 MeV:  =4 mm  =1.7 mrad  ( 2 2  2 )=4 mm  mrad

First BTF Users Workshop – Frascati, 6 th and 7 th May, 2014 From… to… 28 From analog readout of flags To digital camera acquisition From scope readout of WCM To full WCM acquisition and logging

First BTF Users Workshop – Frascati, 6 th and 7 th May, 2014 From… to… 29 From very rough alignment systemsTo laser reference line From heavy, inaccurate table To precise, PC controlled, 2-axis trolley (AIDA project)

First BTF Users Workshop – Frascati, 6 th and 7 th May, 2014 From… to… 30 From generic supports To precision support and positioning system

First BTF Users Workshop – Frascati, 6 th and 7 th May, 2014 From… to… 31 From 2 mm Aluminum exit flange…… to Kapton window (poor vacuum)… … to 0.5 mm Beryllium window (high vacuum)

First BTF Users Workshop – Frascati, 6 th and 7 th May, 2014 And in addition… 32 Horizontal 4 cm 5 cm Front Vertical 5 cm TopSide 4 cm GEM time-projection chamber for precision spot measurement (AIDA project)

First BTF Users Workshop – Frascati, 6 th and 7 th May, 2014 And in addition… 33 Medipix detector for precision spot measurement 1.5 cm

First BTF Users Workshop – Frascati, 6 th and 7 th May, 2014 And in addition… 34 Neutron/gamma real-time monitoring station in the BTF control room Neutron monitor in the BTF hall

First BTF Users Workshop – Frascati, 6 th and 7 th May, 2014 Looking back at these 12 years 35  First of all, an excellent base for the BTF success was the smart idea of a test-beam using the DAFNE LINAC when not injecting  The biggest step in beam-time efficiency has been the splitting of the BTF line from the damping ring injection, allowing the selection of single bunches:  No dead time for switching the line from/to BTF delivery  Possibility of using (a few) bunches also during injections  The key elements of the BTF success:  Flexibility of the beam parameters  Diagnostics and control of the beam  Continuous improvement of the facility tools

First BTF Users Workshop – Frascati, 6 th and 7 th May, 2014 Where do we go from here? 36 We hope this will be an outcome of this Workshop, with the help of all BTF stakeholders