발효공학 (Fermentation Technology) KNUmbl Dr.Salah El-Deen Mohamed Abo Aba King AbdulAziz University Faculty of science Biological Science Dept., Biotechnology Section Microbial Biotechnology By:

KNU Microbial Biotechnology Laboratory 2 Microorganisms are used in industrial settings to produce many important chemicals, antibiotics, organic compounds, and pharmaceuticals. Using living organisms as chemical synthesis factories reduces many of the risks and polluting raw materials to be replaced by less expensive processes. The by-products of biosynthetic reactions are usually less toxic and hazardous than those of industrial chemical reactions. Microorganisms are used in industrial settings to produce many important chemicals, antibiotics, organic compounds, and pharmaceuticals. Using living organisms as chemical synthesis factories reduces many of the risks and polluting raw materials to be replaced by less expensive processes. The by-products of biosynthetic reactions are usually less toxic and hazardous than those of industrial chemical reactions. Microbial Biotechnology

KNU Microbial Biotechnology Laboratory 3 Interesting Facts *Microbes have existed on the earth for over 3.5 billion years. *50% of the living matter is comprised of microorganisms. *Less than 1% of all bacteria have been identified, cultivated and studied in the Laboratory. *Yet we are literally surrounded by microbes all the time Microbial Biotechnology

KNU Microbial Biotechnology Laboratory 4 How we cultivate bacteria Microbial Biotechnology

KNU Microbial Biotechnology Laboratory 5 Biotechnology Any technological application that uses biological systes, living organisms or derivatives to make or modify products or processes for a specific use: Traditional plant breeding Old biotechnology – tissue culture, fermentation Recently: Modern biotechnology: In vitro nucleic acid techniques including Recombinant DNA technology – direct injection of DNA into cells or organelles, fusion of cells beyond taxonomic family -  o vercome natural physiological, reproductive or recombination ba rriers….. Not used in traditional breeding & selection

KNU Microbial Biotechnology Laboratory 6 What bacteria look like Microbial Biotechnology spheres or cocci growing in chains rods cork-screw

KNU Microbial Biotechnology Laboratory 7 Advances in : Medicine Agriculture Industry Microbial Biotechnology

KNU Microbial Biotechnology Laboratory 8Fermentation Microbial Biotechnology

KNU Microbial Biotechnology Laboratory 9 Microbial Biotechnology

KNU Microbial Biotechnology Laboratory 10Fermentation Biochemists define fermentation as an anaerobic pr ocess that generates energy by the breakdown of organic compounds; the end products can be microbial metabolites such as lactic acid enzmes, the alcohols ethanol and butanol, and acetone. Industrial users of fermentation have broadened the definition to include: 1- any process that produces bacteria and fungi (Yeast) (biomass) as the end product and 2- biotransformation ( transformation by cells of a compound added to the fermentation medium of a commercially valuable compound) Microbial Biotechnology

KNU Microbial Biotechnology Laboratory 11Fermentation Aerobic or anaerobic microorganisms are cultured under controlled condition in large chamber, or fermentors, sometimes called bioreactor Most fermentation, require a Number of steps: 1.Sterilization of fermentation vessel and associated equipments 2.Preparation and sterilization of the culture medium 3.Preparation of a pure cell culture inoculation of the medium in the --- fermentation -vessel 4.Cell growth and synthesis of hedesired product under a specific set of conditions 5.Prodcts extraction and purification or cell collection 6.Disposal of extended medium and cells, and the cleaning of bioreactor and equipment Microbial Biotechnology

KNU Microbial Biotechnology Laboratory 12 Fermentation process need Microbial Biotechnology

KNU Microbial Biotechnology Laboratory 13 Single cell protein Microbes have been used as food and food supplements for several thausand years. For example: As a supplement in soups Animal feed to contribute additional protein, minerals and vitamins A monoculture of algal, bacterial, or fungal cells has a protien content that is 70%-80% of its dry weight. When such amonoculture is growing in large volumes for use as Human or livestock feed supplements it is called Single cell protein or SCP. an example: Sacchromycess cerviciea Most recently protein has been marked as meat su bstitute. Microbial Biotechnology

KNU Microbial Biotechnology Laboratory 14 Food Biotechnology Microorganisms are a major component of the fermentation relies on the enzymatic reaction process. Fermentation relies n the enzymatic reactions found in a variety of microorganisms. Improve the microorganisms that conduct food and beverage fermentation, and reduce costs of production, the biochemical process of fermentation remain the same as th ey were in ancient times. Modern development in food production have focused on the quality, safety, and nutritio nal value of products. During fermentation scientists are working in methods to improve the quality and Safety of food production during fermentation. Such as: 1- Virus resistant strain of bacterial used in dairy products 2- fermentors sometimes become contaminated with bacteria that produce toxins. The use of bacteria that produce chemicals that kill these contaminated bacteria are used as an additive in fermentation to prevent contamination of fermented food. 3- microorganisms also are important source of food additives such as enhancing the flavor of foods, increasing the nutritional value, such as amino acid supplements, flavor enhancers, flavorings, vitamines, guar gum,and xanthan gum 4- numerous microbial enzymes produced by recombinant DNA technology are now used i n food processing such as enzyme used in making cheese. Microbial Biotechnology

KNU Microbial Biotechnology Laboratory 15 Products from microorganisms Antibiotics through fermentation is an important use of medicine. flavorings Nutrients Coloring for a wide variety of food, fungus penicillium gives blue cheese and flavor. Amino acids are used as flavor enhancers such as alanine, asparatic acid and glutamic Acid and nutritional supplements such as therionine, methionine, and lysine pharmaceutical active compounds such as antinflamatory, antidepressants, and anti-coagul ants. Recombinant DNA technology is used for improvement these production before ferment- ation also transfer of genes from higher organisms to microorganisms for synthesize its Compounds is a major field for many products from microorganisms such as : In therapeutic value, such as interferon's interleukins for the treatment of cancers, for Hemophilia, erythroprotien for animea, human insulin for diabetes, nerve growth factor to pro mote the repair of nerve damage and human growth hormone. Microbial Biotechnology

KNU Microbial Biotechnology Laboratory 16 Important application of commercial fermentation Metabolites : Microbial cell have two types of metabolites: Primary metabolites, which are produced during the organism’s growth phase, these Compounds are essential to an organisms metabolism and its end products. Secondary metabolites, are not essential to cell growth or function and are characteris- tically produced quite late in the growth cycle and are usually derived from primary meta-bolite-s or the intermediates of primary metabolites. Enzymes : Lipase Lactase Protease Amylase Pectinase All enzymes used for Genetic Engineering Antibiotics: Pencilline the first one discovered by alexander fleming during world warII And so many antibiotics Fuels: Biopolymers: Microbial Biotechnology

KNU Microbial Biotechnology Laboratory 17 Microorganisms and agriculture 1- Ice -nucleating Bacteria 2- Microbial pesticides 3- Nitrogen Fixing Bacteria 4- Baculoviruses Microbial Biotechnology

KNU Microbial Biotechnology Laboratory 18 Bioremediation Microbial Biotechnology

KNU Microbial Biotechnology Laboratory 19 Microbial Biotechnology THANK YOU

KNU Microbial Biotechnology Laboratory 20 Oil and mineral recovery Microbial Biotechnology

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KNU Microbial Biotechnology Laboratory 23 Microbial Biotechnology Oil Spills Wastewater Treatment Chemical Degradation Heavy metal

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