Introducing the Sophists. 2 “...for every school of thought, another school is established in reaction.” (Smith 35) The Sophists Truth is relative.

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Presentation transcript:

Introducing the Sophists

2 “...for every school of thought, another school is established in reaction.” (Smith 35) The Sophists Truth is relative.

3 Progression Mythologists --> Stories Naturalists --> Physical matter Mystics --> Logos & Mythos merge Sophists -->Truth is subjective Plato -->Truth with a capital T. 3

Sophists  The term related to the Greek words sophos and sophia, commonly translated as “wise” and “wisdom”

Sophists  The term related to the Greek words sophos and sophia, commonly translated as “wise” and “wisdom”  A “sophist”, then, is simply a “wise man”

Periclean Democracy  Pericles, an Athenian general, politician and renowned orator ushered in what is generally considered the golden age of Athens—he fostered the arts and executed a large number of public works

Periclean Democracy  The constitutional reform he instigated in Athens in 462/461 B.C. was based upon two principles:

Periclean Democracy  1) That power should be with the people as a whole and not a small section of the citizen body;

Periclean Democracy  1) That power should be with the people as a whole and not a small section of the citizen body;  2) That high offices should be entrusted to those best fitted and most able to carry out civic functions

Periclean Democracy  “What the sophists were able to offer was in no sense a contribution to the education of the masses. They offered an expensive product invaluable to those seeking a career in politics and public life generally...”(Kerferd 17)

11 The Major Players

 Protagoras

The Major Players  Protagoras  Born about 490 B.C. in Thrace

The Major Players  Protagoras  Born about 490 B.C. in Thrace

The Major Players  Protagoras  Born about 490 B.C. in Thrace  Met Pericles; later appointed by him to write laws for the Athenian colony of Thurii in 444 B.C.

The Major Players  Protagoras

The Major Players  Protagoras  A successful and respected teacher  Range of interests included ethics, politics, theology, education, cultural history, literary criticism, linguistic studies and rhetoric

The Major Players  Truth is subjective  Most famous for his statement: “Man is the measure of all things.”  There is no way to know absolute truth

The Major Players  Gorgias

The Major Players  Gorgias  Born in Leontini, Sicily around 480 B.C.

The Major Players  Gorgias  Born in Leontini, Sicily around 480 B.C.  In 427, sent as an ambassador by Leontini to Athens, which he visited repeatedly or even settled there

The Major Players  Gorgias  His oratorical virtuosity amazed Athenians

The Major Players  Gorgias  His oratorical virtuosity amazed Athenians  Famous for his extemporaneous oratory—he would ask an audience to suggest a subject that he would then speak about knowledgeably

The Major Players  Isocrates

The Major Players  Isocrates  Born to a wealthy family in Athens in 436 B.C.

The Major Players  Isocrates  Born to a wealthy family in Athens in 436 B.C.  Student of Gorgias; also an acquaintance of Socrates

The Major Players  Isocrates  Set up his own school of rhetoric around 392 B.C. emphasizing sophist principles of rhetoric, especially kairos

The Major Players  Isocrates  Believed that for his students to succeed, they required three things: a natural ability; knowledge gained by imitation and practice, and a means to apply that practice

So What?

30 What does all this have to do with our world? Why does it matter now?  retirement retirement