Associations of occupational hazards and individual characteristics with occupational injuries and disabilities in Lorraine coal miners Inserm,National Institute for Health and Medical Research, U669, U420, IFR25-RFRH, Paris, France Chau N, Benamghar L, Mur JM, Inserm, National Institute for Health and Medical Research, U669, U420, IFR25-RFRH, Paris, France Department of Mining Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, India Bhattacherjee A, Ghosh AK, Department of Mining Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, India Bertrand JP, Houill è res du Bassin de Lorraine, Freyming-Merlebach Meyer JP, National Institute for Recherche and Safety (INRS), Nancy Guillemin F, Henri Poincar é University, Faculty of Medicine, EA 3444, Nancy Ravaud JF, Inserm, U502-CERMES, IFR25-RFRH, Paris Lorhandicap Group: Chau N, Ravaud JF, Guillemin F, Sanchez J, Guillaume S, Michaely JP, Otero Sierra C, Legras B, Dazord A, Choquet M, M é jean L, Tubiana-Rufi N, Meyer JP, Schl é ret Y, Mur JM International Symposium on Advances in Mining Technology and Management, Kharagpur, 30 novembre -2 décembre 2005

Objectives Background: Work conditions of Lorraine coal miners include multiple demanding occupational hazards which can increase occupational injuries and disabilities They also can deteriorate living conditions known as risk factors of occupational injuries and disabilities Objectives: To assess the relationships of : ► occupational hazards ► ► individual characteristics and living conditions with occupational injuries and disabilities

Materials and methods The sample: 700 randomly selected male workers, aged 32-48, from the Lorraine coal collieries (north-eastern France) Self-administrated questionnaire (September January 1997): Socio-demographic data Highly demanding occupational hazards Smoking habit, excess alcohol use Self-reported health status, diseases diagnosed by a physician,

Materials and methods Regular psychotropic drug use: fatigue, headache, sleeplessness, nervousness or anguish Self-reported personality: worried, sociable, aggressive, organized Smoking habit, excess alcohol use Occupational injuries during the previous two years (with sick leave of at least one day in addition to the day of injury)

Materials and methods Self-reported disabilities: transfer, eating, − Physical disabilities: self-care, transfer, eating, locomotion, prehension, catching, doing shopping, housekeeping −Sensorial disabilities: seeing, hearing −Communication disabilities: expression, speaking thinking, concentration, attention, orienteering, problem-solving, memory, −Social cognitive disabilities: thinking, concentration, attention, orienteering, problem-solving, memory, having emotion, relations with others

Materials and methods ► Favorable view from: “Comité Consultatif pour la Protection des Personnes se prêtant à des Recherches Biomédicales” “Commission Nationale de l’Informatique et des Libertés” ► Written consent from the participants Statistical analysis: Crude relative risk (RR) Logistic model: adjusted odds ratios (OR) Participation rate: 74% (516 subjects)

Results Table 1. Annual incidence rate of occupational injuries and prevalence of disabilities (%) Occupational injuries: 14.9 Self-reported disabilities Disabilities all types combined59.1 Physical disabilities25.4 Sensorial disabilities26.9 Communication disabilities10.1 Social cognitive disabilities39.0

Results Table 2. Frequency, crude relative risk and 95% CI for various factors %OccupationalDisabilities injuriesall types combined Age < 40 years570.8, 0.7–1.11.2**, 1.1–1.4 Body mass index  30 kg/m , 0.9–1.71.2, 1.0–1.4 Current smokers411.0, 0.7–1.31.1, 0.9–1.2 Excess of alcoholic use111.1, 0.7–1.61.2, 1.0–1.5 Regular psychotropic drug use291.6, 1.2–2.11.2, 1.1–1.4 Not-good-health521.6, 1.2–2.21.6, 1.4–1.9 Musculoskeletal disorders541.4, 1.1–1.81.3, 1.1–1.5 Other diseases311.0, 0.8–1.41.4, 1.2–1.6 Self-reported personality score *, 0.8–1.7 (1) *, 1.1–2.8 (1) Face work492.0, 1.5–2.71.0, 0.9–1.2 Years in underground mine  , 0.6–1.21.2, 1.0–1.4 *vs. score 0 ** Age  40 years (1) Not studied

Results Table 2. Frequency, crude relative risk and 95% CI for various factors - continued %OccupationalDisabilities injuriesall types combined Occupational hazards Hammer211.3, 1.0 – , 1.0–1.3 Power hammer341.7, 1.3 – , 0.9–1.3 Vibrating hand tools291.8, 1.4 – , 1.0–1.3 Pneumatic tools241.4, 1.1 – , 1.0–1.4 Vibrating platform331.7, 1.3 – , 1.1–1.4 Bent trunk 391.5, 1.2 – , 1.0–1.4 Awkward work posture341.6, 1.2 – , 1.1–1.5 Noise601.3, 1.0 – , 1.0–1.4 Heat281.3, 1.0 – , 0.8–1.1 Standing about and walking251.4, 1.0 – , 0.8–1.2 Restricted space171.3, 1.0–1.80.9, 0.7–1.1 Tasks at height251.0, 0.8–1.41.1, 0.9–1.3

Results Table 2. Frequency, crude relative risk and 95% CI for various factors - continued %OccupationalDisabilities injuriesall types combined Occupational hazards Work in adverse climate191.0, , 0.8–1.2 Handling objects421.2, , 1.1–1.4 Task demands for trunk381.7, , 1.1–1.4 Task demands for upper limbs401.5, , 0.9– 1.2 Task demands for lower limbs351.6, , 0.9–1.2 Pain caused by work302.0, , 1.1–1.4 Muscular tiredness at the end of the day432.2, , 1.0–1.3 Number of hazards *, *, 1.0–1.4 8 or more 252.1*, *, 1.1–1.5 *vs. 0-3

Results Table 3. Adjusted odds ratios and 95% CI for various factors for occupational injuries (516 subjects) Face work Regular psychotropic drug use Not-good-health Number of occupational hazards 4-7 vs or more vs Results obtained with stepwise forward procedure retaining only significant factors (p<0.05):

Results Table 4. Adjusted odds ratios and 95% CI for various factors for Disabilities (516 subjects) Disabilities all types combined Age  40 years Not-good-heath Disease other than musculoskeletal disorders Number of occupational hazards 4-7 vs  8 vs Results obtained with stepwise forward procedure retaining only significant factors (p<0.05). The personalities items were not considered

Results Table 4. Adjusted odds ratios and 95% CI for various factors for Disabilities - continued Physical disabilities Age  40 years Not-good-health Musculoskeletal disorders Other diseases Number of occupational hazards 4-7 vs  8 vs

Results Table 4. Adjusted odds ratios and 95% CI for various factors for Disabilities – continued Sensorial disabilities Age  40 years Not-good-health Regular psychotropic drug use Number of occupational hazards 4-7 vs  8 vs

Results Table 4. Adjusted odds ratios and 95% CI for various factors for Disabilities – continued Communication disabilities* Excess alcohol use Not-good-health Social cognitive disabilities** Age  40 years Excess alcohol use Not-good-health Regular psychotropic drug use

Conclusions ► Lorraine coal miners are exposed to multiple demanding occupational hazards ► M ultiple occupational hazards favor occupational injuries, and physical and sensorial disabilities ► Face work results in a two times higher risk for injuries ► Not-good-health and regular psychotropic drug use increase injuries ► Miners aged more than 40 show more disabilities ► Not-good-health, musculoskeletal disorders and other diseases affect physical disabilities ► Not-good-health, regular psychotropic drug use and excess alcohol use alter sensorial, communication or social cognitive disabilities