Culture of the Byzantine Empire

Creation of the Imperial Capital __________ launched the most ambitious public __________ program ever seen in the ________ world. He rebuilt the crumbling fortification of ______________________.

What needed to be repaired? The city’s coast was ringed by a 14-mile _______ ___________. The city was also protected on the land by a deep _________ and three walls; the innermost of these was 25 feet thick and had towers 70 feet tall.

Rebuilding Churches Church building was the emperor’s passion and showed the close __________ between ____________________________ The crowning glory of his reign was the ________ __________ (Greek for, “________ ____________”). A church of this same name had been _____________ in riots in 532 and _____________ vowed to make it the most splendid __________ in the __________ world. Art works, such as _______________, filled the church and more than 400 years after it’s construction, the ___________ of Hagia Sophia helped to ______________ visiting ______________nobles that their country should adopt _________________________________.

More building… As part of the building projects, __________ also enlarged his ____________. He built ______, _____________, law courts, __________, and _________________ as well. By the time all the projects were completed, the _________________ in __________________ was unmatched by any city in the eastern and western empires.

Constantinople’s “Main street” The _______ (or “________________”) was Constantinople's ______________to meet, greet, and trade. ____________ stalls filled the main street and stretched into side streets as well. Products from _________, ________ and _______________________were sold and traded in these stalls. Citizens could also enjoy ____________ __________________ at the __________ where wild _________________and ______________ acts took place. The Hippodrome held ______spectators.

Preserving Learning Byzantine families __________________ and often sent their children to monastic or _______ _____________ or hired private tutors. Basic courses focused on _______ and ______ grammar, _______________, and rhetoric. Greek and Roman literature served as textbooks and they learned _____________ from __________, ___________ from ______________ and medicine from Galen. The world owes a huge debt to Byzantine scholars for ___________________ many of the great works of ___________ and _______.

_______and _______ Churches Divide The _____________ church in __________________ thrived, but at the same time, ______________ and lack of contact slowly caused the ________ and _________ of Western and Eastern Christianity to _____________. Soon this division led to the ______ into the ______________________ and _________________________.

Rome vs. Constantinople __________ churches built their heritage on the works of early church fathers such as _____________ (wrote rules for the life of monks). Another key figure was St. John Chrysostom, who, as bishop of Constantinople, was also the _______, or leading bishop of the_________. However, even the _______________ ________________________

Controversy arises In 730, Emperor Leo III _________ the use of ________, _________________ used by the ___________ Christians to aid their devotions, because he believed they led to _________________. The _______ supported the emperor and as a result, iconclasts (“icon breakers”) would go into the churches and _________ images. The people rioted and clergy rebelled, while in the west, the pope became involved in the dispute by offering support to those who wished to use icons.

As a result of this controversy, one ________ even ________________ a ________________ emperor (made him an _________of the Church). In 843, an order from_________ _____________ restored the use of ________ to __________churches.

Problems continue In 1054, the _______ and ___________ _______________ each other in a dispute over religious doctrine. After this schism, or _______, Christianity was ______________ divided between the __________ __________________in the ______ and the ______________in the ________

Converting the Slavs Due to the split between the Church, eastern and western Christianity found themselves competing for souls. Missionaries from the _____________ Church traveled north to the _______ and sent 2 of the most successful missionaries there: St. Methodius and _____________. Cyril and Methodius invented an __________________ for the ____________ language in order for the Slavs to be able to read the _______ in their _______ language. Many Slavic languages, including _________, are written in what is now called the _______________________

Eastern vs. Western Church Centered in _____________ _________to the seat of power after Constantinople became _______________. __________ and other _______________ head the church as a _____________. The ___________ claims __________ over the ______________ and other bishops in empire. Use of _____________ language in liturgy. Priests may be _______________. ____________ is allowed under certain circumstances. Centered in ___________ ___________from seat of power after Constantinople became capital. The ________ has _____________over all other bishops. The__________claims authority _______________ and emperors Use of ________ language in liturgy. Priest may _____________. __________ is ________ permitted.

Portrays a religious world that is ______________________from what we consider the “________” world. The ___________ looks ______ from our human level (______________). The ____________ seems _______ and familiar (_______).

Russia adapts to Byzantine Culture The ________ settled in ________ around 862 and set up the city of ____________. Around 800, a nobleman from the city of Novgorod named Oleg moved south to ________, a city on the Dnieper River. From Kiev, the ___________ could _______ by the ________ and _________ (________ to ______________ Seas) to ___________________ trading products items like timber, fur, wax, honey and Slavic subjects as _______________. As Kiev grew, more and more Vikings intermarried with their Slavic subjects and eventually ___________ the __________________

Kiev becomes Orthodox In 957, the ___________________ visited Constantinople and converted to ___________________. She governed from until her son was old enough to rule, however, ______ ______________Christianity. When Olga’s grandson,_________, came to the throne in 980, he considers the idea of converting to Christianity and sends out teams to ___________ the major religions of the time: ___________, ___________, _____________ Christianity and ___________________ Christianity.

Eastern Orthodox comes out on top The teams reported lukewarm reports of three of the religions, but the team from ______________ told quite a different story: “… the Greeks led us to the buildings where they worship their God, and we know not whether we were in heaven or on earth. For on earth there is no such splendor or such beauty, and we are at a loss how to describe it. We only know that God dwells there among men and… we cannot forget that beauty.”

__________________ converted to ___________ __________________ and made all his subjects convert, too. In 989, a ___________ of all the citizens in Kiev was held in the Dnieper River. Kiev, already linked to Byzantium by trade, now looked to __________________ for guidance in ___________________ as well. Vladimir appreciated the Byzantine idea of the emperor as the supreme ruler of the church, therefore, the ________ between _____________________ took root in _____________ as well.