Biometrics Dr. Nermin Hamza Thank you for having me here today. Today I am going to talk to you about biometrics Dr. Nermin Hamza Teamwork Biometric Fatma shaban – Hamdi Ahmed Mohamed-Mohamed Karm Farg – Rami Abdel Hadi – Amr Abdel Hadi

Outline What is Biometrics? History Of Biometric Why Use of Biometric? Types of Biometrics Other System Biometrics Application I will start my talk by describing what biometrics is. I will give some history of biometric I will spend show type of biometric I will speak about other systems Biometric application

What is Biometrics Bio (Biology) Metric (Measurement) Biometric is the measurement and analysis of unique physical or behavioral characteristics (as fingerprint or voice patterns) especially as a means of verifying personal identity. Biometrics identify people by measuring some aspect of individual anatomy or physiology (your hand geometry or fingerprint), some deeply ingrained skill, or other behavioural characteristic , or something that is a combination of the two .

HISTORY OF BIOMETRICS Biometrics was used during prehistoric times. Chinese used fingerprinting in the 14th Century for identification. In the 17th century fingerprinting was used to seal official documents.

Why Use of Biometric? To prevent stealing of possessions that mark the authorised person's identity e.g. security badges, licenses, or properties To prevent fraudulent acts like faking ID badges or licenses. To ensure safety and security, thus decrease crime rates

Types of Biometrics . Handwritten Signatures Face Recognition Fingerprint Iris Scan Voice Scan Signature Retina Scan Infrared Face and Body Parts Keystroke Dynamics Gait Odour Ear DNA . Gait مشية \ سرعة Odour رائحة عطر Ear شيء مميز للإذن

Biometrics 2D Biometrics (CCD,IR, Laser, Scanner) 1D Biometrics

Many Types of Measurements

Handwritten Signatures Handwritten signatures had been used in classical China, but carved personal seals were considered to be higher status, and are still used for serious transactions in China, Japan, and Korea to this day. How secure are handwritten signatures? The probability that a forged signature will be accepted as genuine mainly depends on the amount of care taken when examining it. Many bank card transactions in stores are accepted without even a glance at the specimen signature on the card—so much so that many Americans do not even bother to sign their credit cards.

Verifying checks for small amounts is not economic unless it can be automated, so a number of researchers have worked on systems to compare handwritten signatures automatically. This is very difficult image-processing task because of the variability between one genuine signature and another. Aneasier option is to use a signature tablet. This is a sensor surface on which the user does a signature; it records not just the shape of the curve but also its dynamics (the velocity of the hand, where the pen was lifted off the paper, and so on).

FACE RECOGNITION Face recognition is the capturing of a facial image, which is then transformed into a unique face print The image is transformed using a technique called “elastic graph matching”. Algebraic algorithms are used to make a perfect match. Images are sent to a back-end database for comparison and possible matches

Advantages Disadvantages Face is the most common biometric used by humans Identification at a distance Easy to capture from low-cost cameras Non-contact data acquisition (free from contagious disease) Covert data acquisition (ubiquitous surveillance cameras) Legacy database (passport, visa and driver license) Disadvantages Faces change easily Faces have the same salient features

Fingerprint Acquisition Swipe Sensor Computer Login using USB Building Access PDAs and Cellphones

Image from - http://encarta.msu.com/ Fingerprint Features Fingerprint Style Whorl Loop Arch Most detect “minutia” Core Bifurcation Delta Ending 30% 65% 5% Image from - http://encarta.msu.com/ Bifurcation التشعبات Loop عقدة Arch تقوس Core Bifurcation Delta Ending QUERY TEMPLATE

Advantages Disadvantages Fingerprints are unique (even between twins) Fingerprint sensors are cheap Latent fingerprints are easy to detect and are commonly used in criminal cases Disadvantages Almost 10% of the population do not have fingerprints that can be detected by typical scanners Most fingerprint readers do not work well when wet or dirty Many people do not like to use fingerprint technology

Iris scan Measures unique characteristics of the iris unique. Ridges (rings) Furrows Striations (freckles) Adv:- unique. It is fairly easy to detect in a video picture does not wear out In the case of iris scan, It measures unique characteristics of the colored part of the eye also known as the Iris. These characteristics are: Ridges or rings , Furrows and Striations or freckles. This technique just like finger scan is being used in both logical and physical security.

Voice Recognition Measures the sound waves of human speech. user talks to a microphone a passphrase. Voice print is compared to a previous one In the case of Voice scan, It measures the sound waves of human speech. Voice scan could be based on either text-dependent or text-independent speech input. If it is text-dependent, user talks to a microphone a passphrase and will repeat the same pass phrase when needed to be authenticated. The most common use of voice scan biometric systems is where a telephone is already being used. For instance home arrest verification is a very common use. Any time of the day or night a computer calls the home of a person under home arrest, and that person has to answer the phone and speak a passphrase to be authenticated. Voice scan Biometrics is currently restricted to low security applications because of high variability in an individual’s voice (depends on the user mood) and poor accuracy performance of a typical speech-based authentication system (affected by background noise).

Other Systems Signature Retina Scan Infrared Face and Body Parts Keystroke Dynamics Gait Odour Ear DNA

Signature Signature scan: Measures speed, pressure, stroke order an image of signature. Non-repudiation

Retina scan Measures unique characteristics of the retina. Blood vessel patterns Vein patterns Vessel الوعاء الدموي Vein وريد

Facial scan Facial scan: Uses off-the-shelf camera to measure the following facial features: Distance between the eyes. Distance between the eyes and nose ridge. Angle of a cheek. Slope of the nose. Facial Temperatures.

Keystroke scan Keystroke scan: Measures the time between strokes and duration of key pressed. Most commonly used in systems where keyboard is already being used.

Biometric Applications Verification – Compare a measurement to a single claimed identity Identification – Compare a measurement to an entire database and find the best match

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