COMBATING ORGANISED CRIME - THE NORWEGIAN EXPERIENCE BY DETECTIVE SUPERINTENDENT JAN ERIK NYBAKK

International Police Co-operation  The National Criminal Investigation Service (NCIS) is the contact point for national and international information exchange. Nordic Police/Customs co-operation arrangement Interpol Oslo SIRENE - Schengen Europol Baltic Sea Task Force National co-ordinating responsibilities

International Police Co-operation NCIS 24-hour Desk, Round-the-clock service

 Customs and police co-operation arrangement between the Nordic countries  Formalised as a pilot arrangement in 1984  Evaluated and made permenent in 1987 International Police Co- operation - Nordic countries

International Police Co-operation  Intelligence on drug smuggling and distribution in the Nordic countries collated in a joint Nordic intelligence project (currently seven projects)  Shared Nordic police and customs liaison officers in relevant producing and/or transit countries (currently 33 liaison officers)

Programmes  Heroin (frml. SWAP and SEAP)  Cocaine  Amphetamine  Cannabis  Ecstasy  Doping  Chemicals  Motorcycle Project

Nordic Arrangement - Development  Drug crime and other organised crime are on the increase in the Nordic countries. Both Customs and the police have for several years been aware of the fact that our efforts must also target other areas of crime.  Revision of the drug programmes

Nordic Arrangement - Development  Consequently, in 1998 the co-operation arrangement was extended to include all forms of crime of a transnational character affecting at least one of the customs or police services in the Nordic countries.  The liasion officers must therefore be regarded as generalist, not as previously, when they were called drug liaison officers.

Posting of Nordic Liaison Officers  A total of 33 posted officers: 24 police officers and 9 customs officers. Denmark6 Norway10 Finland2 Sweden15

Organised Crime  Environmental crime, including trafficking in nuclear material  Smuggling of highly taxed goods - tobacco, cigarettes  Trafficking in works of art and antiques  Child pornography/child sex tourism  People smuggling/trafficking in women  Trafficking in firearms, drugs, vehicles

 Retrospective Glance  Hidden Crime  Characteristic Features of Organised Crime  Areas of Crime  Summary Organised Crime - a Threat to Society

 Sixfold increase in investigated crimes since 1965  Increase in reported crimes : Drug offences - up 36.7% Financial crime - up 13.4%  Recorded crime in 2002: Theft and related offences account for 54% Drug offences account for 10% Violent crime accounts for 6% Retrospective Glance

 Crime not detected by the police is not reported.  In some areas of crime, the hidden figures represent the majority of the offences Hidden Crime

 Increase in organised and transnational crime and offences committed by criminal networks  Organised criminal activity takes place in networks of criminals who, among other things: Have a common aim Are involved in at least two types of crime Operate across international borders  Three central factors Organisation Internationalisation Information and Communication Technology Characteristic Features of Organised Cime

 More brutal  More professional  More specialised  Better organised  More co-operation between different criminal networks  More mobility  More use of advanced technology  More mixing of illegal and legal activities Some important features of crime today:

 The main problem in Norway  Drug seizures more than doubled : 13,333 seizures : 30,310 seizures  Controlled by professional multi-criminal organisations and networks  Tough scene  Untraditional methods of investigation need to be applied - also in other areas of crime Drug Crime

Drug Seizures

Drug Types - shares

Trends  Steady increase in drug seizures over the 1990s  Increased availability and spread of drugs  Less difference between urban and rural areas  Introduction of new narcotic drugs  New groups of abusers  New patterns of abuse - mixed abuse

Heroin – Number of seizures

Heroin - Quantities Seized

Heroin Smuggling Routes Polen Nederland Belgia Tyskland Heroin from Afghanistan mainly follows the Balkan route, through Eastern and Western Europe towards the Nordic countries Bulgaria Russland Bulgaria is a central point for transit storage of heroin According to Russian police, the Silk Road (dotted line) could become a central transport route for heroin

 People Smuggling Record increase in people smuggling to Norway About 16,000 asylum seekers are expected to come to Norway this year Reception Centres for Asylum Seekers function as covers for criminal activity 86% of asylum seekers have insufficient proof of identity and nationality People Smuggling

 The organised robbery networks Commit aggravated robberies of banks, cash-transit vans, cash mashines, etc. Considerable increase Extremely professional - gather inside information Difficult to solve  East-European networks Aggravated thefts from vehicles, businesses and warehouses Stolen property is sent to the home country Focused on the potential for profit in Scandinavia Professional networks Organised theft-related offences

 The type of crime most closely linked to the business community and other etablishments in the private and public sector  The number of cases is rising - transnational - cases are more complex  The criminals operate in networks - the activity is hidden abroad  Large hidden figures Financial Crime

 Organised crime is on the rise  Comprises most areas of crime  Affects us all  Threatens and challenges national and international principles of law, the structure of society and the protection of individual rights and freedoms Summary

 Information and Communication Technology Crime Tool for criminals Scene of crimes  Organised criminals are advanced users  Hidden offences are committed on computers via computer networks through electronic mail, conference systems and exchange systems ICT Crime

 HELLS ANGELS MC–TRONDHEIM  HELLS ANGELS MC-STAVANGER  HELLS ANGELS MC–OSLO  HELLS ANGELS MC-HAMAR  HELLS ANGELS MC - SKIEN  BANDIDOS MC-OSLO  BANDIDOS MC-ASKIM  BANDIDOS MC-DRAMMEN  BANDIDOS MC - STAVANGER BANDIDOS MC-SORTLAND (PROB.) BANDIDOS MC-KRISTIANSAND (PROSPECT) SUPPORT X-TEAM-OSLO SUPPORT X-TEAM-ASKIM SUPPORT X-TEAM-HORTEN SUPPORT W-TEAM TRONDHEIM OUTLAWS MC-DRAMMEN OUTLAWS MC - OSLO Outlaw Motorcycle Gangs 2003