Organelles in Plant and Animal Cells

Cell Diversity Not all cells are alike! They vary in… A) size B) shape C) internal organization SIZE: range from .2m – 0.2um (most are 10-50um) -not all are microscopic (most are) ex: giraffe’s nerve cells extend 6.5 ft. down it’s leg!! Cells are limited in size by the ratio between their outer surface area and their volume

Eukaryotes THE NUCLEUS separate the genetic material from the rest of the cell Variety of organisms; large and complex

Internal Organization Organelles: parts of a cell, have specific jobs Tissues: groups of cells that have a similar function

Skin Cells

Organ Systems Organ systems- a group of organs that work together to perform a set of related tasks. Digestive system includes: the stomach, esophagus, intestines and mouth. Cells→Tissues→Organs→Organ Systems

Human Circulatory System

Cell Organelles! Cell Membrane – separates cell from external environment, gives shape and flexibility to cell selectively permeable – some substances can pass while others cannot Lipid bilayer Hydrophillic (water loving) Hydrophoic (water fearing)

Continue… Cytoplasm: Portion outside the nucleus Gelatin like aqueous fluid called cytosol Cytoplasmic streaming Mostly water but also salts and organic molecules

Continue… Mitochondia: power house of the cell! Where cellular respiration occurs Convert chemical energy stored in food  production of ATP Has it’s own DNA Cristae: inner membrane creating many folds to increase surface area

Continue… Ribosomes: where proteins are made; found throughout cytoplasm; protein “factory” Free Floating Ribosome: make proteins for the cell Ribosomes attached to ER: make proteins to be exported from the cell

Continue… Endoplasmic Reticulum: (ER) acts as a highway for molecules to move around the cell. Smooth ER: does NOT contain ribosomes; Contains enzymes that detoxify drugs (in liver cells) or synthesizes lipids Rough ER: does contain ribosomes; Produces proteins for other membranes or for secretion (export)

Continue… Golgi Apparatus (bodies) processes, packages, and secretes a) product is assembled (moves from ER to golgi, where it is put together and adjusted) b) product is packaged (in new sacs) c) product is mailed out (sent out of cell)

Continue…. Cilia: short hair like projections beat together to move an organism ex: humans trachea cilia move fluids and mucus! YUM

Continue… Flagella: long, whiplike projections, single or in pairs, rapid movement, ex: sperm

Continue…. Nucleus: brains! Control center of cell, DNA & RNA are made here! Nuclear envolope: double membrane with pores Chromatin: fine strands of DNA & protein Nucleolus: inside nucleus where ribosomes are made

Continue… Lysosome: digestive enzymes, digest food, disease causing bacteria, old organelles, ex: lysosomes eat up tissue between fingers in embryos, usually only in animal cells

Continue… Cytoskeleton- helps shape & support cells Microtubules: long slender protein tubes form spindle fibers during mitosis (separate chromosomes during mitosis) Microfilaments: fine protein threads (actin), flexible framework for the cell, participate in cytoplasmic movements

Animal cell only! Centrioles: cell reproduction; organize cell division Centrosome: cell reproduction

Animal Cell

Oranelles in Plant Cells ONLY Cell Wall: rigid covering made of cellulose, protects cell, goes OUTSIDE cell membrane, porous enough for certain substances

Continue…. Central Vacuole: huge structure which may take up 90% of the space in plant cell Holds water, salts, proteins, and carbohydrates Increases rigidity

Contractile vacuole Some unicellular organisms have a contractile vacuole to pump out excess water

Continue…. Plastids a) chloroplasts : site for photosynthesis; green pigment  chlorophyll; capture energy from sunlight and convert it into food for chemical energy b) chromoplasts: stores red and yellow pigment c) leucoplasts: non pigmented

PLANT CELL

Prokaryotes DO NOT separate genetic material within a nucleus Simpler than eukaryotes Still carry out life processes