1 A tool to combat the SILENT KILLERS Hiding in the Feed

2 Ability to adsorb a wide range of mycotoxins A low effective inclusion rate Stability over a wide pH range High capacity to adsorb high concentrations of mycotoxins High affinity to adsorb low concentrations of mycotoxins Selective adsorption Proven in-vivo data CHARACTERISTICS OF AN IDEAL MYCOTOXIN ADSORBENT

3 Types of Mycotoxin Binder products  Inorganic binders = mineral silica clays  including zeolites, clinoptilolite, bentonite, aluminosilicates  Organic biopolymers (e.g. from yeast)  Blends of adsorbing components

4 All Clays are NOT alike Binding depends on:  Chemistry / structure – determines binding type and strength  Processing – serves to activate the clay to improve adsorbing effect  Particle size – small size, but consistent, manageable product

5 Zeolites as mycotoxin binder natural zeolites are usually of the CLINOPTILOLITE variety; chemically known as hydrated sodium calcium aluminosilicates (HSCAS); Clino’s unique crystalline structure cannot be physically / chemically changed. HOW DOES NATURAL ZEOLITE WORK? Due to its physical and chemical properties, natural zeolites have two outstanding properties: 1)adsorption 2)cation exchange capacity

6 Basal zeolite structure Zeolite consists of tetrahedrons of silicates and that of aluminates bound together via oxygen bridging resulting in formation of microporous cage- like or tubular-like crystals

7 Clinoptilolite, a magnet for toxic matters

8 Clinoptilolite honeycomb structure Diagram showing clinoptilolite with its 8- and 10-member channels.

9 Characteristics of Clinoptilolite  frameworks of silica-oxygen tetrahedra  stable crystal structure  do not swell with water  no expansion = selective adsorption  pores of 5A negatively charged balanced by cations like Ca, K, Na located in the pores  high C.E.C exchange with ammonium

10 Examples of other silicates Tubular structure Expansion ＝ non-selective adsorption Sheet-like structure Expansion ＝ non-selective adsorption Characteristics of Bentonite Characteristics of Sepiolite

11 How Does Nubibind95 Function ?  Activated in the digestive tract (moist environment)  Powerful adsorbing capacity due to vast surface area  Polar mycotoxins (e.g. aflatoxins) are firmly adsorbed due to strong negative electrical charge  Ammonium ions are firmly locked due to strong ion exchange capacity  Water is also adsorbed due to strong hydrogen bonding  Complexing of mycotoxins by Nubibind95 is irreversible  Mycotoxin-Nubibind95 complex is excreted via faeces

12 Unique features of Nubibind95  careful selection of the mine deposit  special technology for purification and activation leading to a product with -unique crystalline structure -fine particle size with large surface area

13 Nubibind95, Raw Material Selection  Natural Clinoptilolite - not a common clinoptilolite - special complex of aluminosilicate  High Purity - high content of crystals, 95% - contains no quartz  Unique Crystal Structure - different from other clinoptilolites - very stable crystal structure, does not expand

14 Nubibind95, Processing and Activation  physical screening: remove impurities  heat treatment: - stabilize crystal structure - improve negative charges  fine grinding - increase surface area, increase adsorption power

15 Nubibind95, Crystalline Features  Natural Zeolite - High purity, (high content of clinoptilolite), 95% - Contains no quartz  Unique crystalline structure - Firm crystalline structure, which do not expand - Powerful negative charges (strong ion exchange power)  Fine particles - Vast surface area, > 35 hectares per kg - Huge adsorption power  Tiny pores (2-8 Ängströms)( m)

16 Nubibind95, Characteristics in Ion Exchange Strong Ion Exchange Power: - strong affinity with polar mycotoxins - forms irreversible mycotoxin-Nubibind95 complexes Preferential Ion Adsorption: Cs>Pb>NH 4 >K>Na>Ca>Mg>Cu>Zn>Mn Strong Ammonium Ion Exchange Capacity: 24 gram NH 4 + per kg Nubibind95

17 Nubibind95, Strong Negative Charges aflatoxins

18 Nubibind95, Adsorbs Aflatoxins effectively

19 Protein degradation in the gut Ammonia is a toxic waste product of microbial amino acid deamination and urea hydrolysis Microbially-produced urease and the resulting high concentrations of ammonia are deleterious for growth Visek (1978) proposed that reduction of microbially-produced ammonia is a primary mechanism for the growth response induced by feed antibiotics.

20 high ammonia levels in the gut high turnover of the epithelium cells loss of nutrients and energy immature gut cell lining / poor defense barrier reduction in animal performance Ammonia in the intestine

21 NUBIBIND ACTION VS. AMMONIA / UREA Reduced accumulated ammonia in the system due to adsorbent Limited ammonia will enter into the bloodstream / gut cell wall The animals (kidney/liver) will convert less ammonia into urea in the bloodstream to avoid toxicity. Lower urea excreted in urine Lower excess ammonia in feces Reduced ammonia in the environment

22 Nubibind95, effect on feed additives Nubibind95 does NOT adsorb - vitamins - amino acids - antibiotics because of -tiny crystal pores -weak polarity nature of feed additives

23 Nubibind95 Does NOT Adsorb Vitamin A 1 ＝ without Nubibind95 2 ＝ Nubibind95 added (1) without NubiBind (2) with NubiBind

24 Nubibind95 Does NOT Adsorb Vitamin E (1) without NubiBind (2) with NubiBind

25 Nubibind95 Does NOT Adsorb Amino Acids Examples: Phenylalanine and tryptophan (1) without NubiBind (2) with NubiBind

26 Nubibind95 Does NOT Adsorb valuable nutrients type of product recovery % Vit AVit EL-lysine 100% premix blend100 50% premix / 50% Nubibind % premix / 45% Nubibind 95 / 5% bentonite 86

27 Nubibind95, Reduces Blood Urea Level Effect of Nubibind95 on Blood Urea (mmol/L): 1 wks - 3.8% 3 wks -21.4% 6 wks -22.2%

28 Poultry and mycotoxins

29 Nubibind95 Improves Layer Performance Period: 20 th - 68 th week ControlNubibind95 0.2% change % no. of hens 54 Eggs / hen Egg weight, g Feed / Egg, kg/kg Faecal Moisture, %

30 Period: 20 th - 68 th week Blue = Control Red = NubiBind95 NubiBind95 Reduces hen mortality

31 Nubibind95 Improves Egg Shell Quality Egg Shell Quality Index Blue = Control Red =Nubibind95 Period: 20th - 68th week

32 Nubibind95, usage and dosage recommended dosage:  Prevention: before mycotoxin analysis: 2-4 kg / MT of feed  Control and Removal: mycotoxins are detected and analysed: 4-8 kg / MT of feed  Ammonia binding for gut health / odour control: kg / MT of feed

33 Benefits of using Nubibind95  adsorbs and inactivates polar mycotoxins, preventing the adverse effects of these mycotoxins on:  Liver & kidney function  Immune response  Mortality / morbidity  Reproduction / hatchability  Feed intake / appetite  Growth / feed efficiency  reduces (toxic) ammonia in the digestive tract thus improving gut health  reduces ammonia emission / improving odour and housing climate

34 Nubibind95, Safety Features  Contains no harmful substances, e.g. Quartz  No withdrawal period is required  Absolutely safe to humans and animals: meet the food additive safety standards as set by EU, FAO and WHO

35 Double stiched leakage proof bags Closed top stock and packing area Nubibind95, Packing Options

36 Nubibind95, Packing Options Transportation proof extra strong sack packing with box loading Extra strong pallets with 2.5 cm thickness

37 Conclusion: Nubibind95 is Unique  Special crystal structure, physical structure unaffected (no expansion) as it comes in contact with water  Strong affinity to polar mycotoxins  Binds ammonia with high priority  Selective adsorption - does not interact with other critical nutrients  Promotes animal growth and productivity  Improves animal health and immunity  Improves environmental conditions  Absolutely safe  Most economical solution

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