Kozeta Sevrani - Sistemet e Informacionit11.1 Specialized Business Information Systems Chapter 11

Kozeta Sevrani - Sistemet e Informacionit11.2 Principles and Learning Objectives Artificial intelligence systems form a broad and diverse set of systems that can replicate human decision making for certain types of well-defined problems. –Define the term artificial intelligence and state the objective of developing artificial intelligence systems. –List the characteristics of intelligent behavior and compare the performance of natural and artificial intelligence systems for each of these characteristics. –Identify the major components of the artificial intelligence field and provide one example of each type of system.

Kozeta Sevrani - Sistemet e Informacionit11.3 Principles and Learning Objectives Expert systems can enable a novice to perform at the level of an expert but must be developed and maintained very carefully. –List the characteristics and basic components of expert systems. –Identify at least three factors to consider in evaluating the development of an expert system. –Outline and briefly explain the steps for developing an expert system. –Identify the benefits associated with the use of expert systems.

Kozeta Sevrani - Sistemet e Informacionit11.4 Principles and Learning Objectives Virtual reality systems have the potential to reshape the interface between people and information technology by offering new ways to communicate information creatively. –Define the term virtual reality and provide three examples of virtual reality applications. Special-purpose systems can help organizations and individuals achieve their goals. –Discuss examples of special-purpose systems for organizational and individual use.

Kozeta Sevrani - Sistemet e Informacionit11.5 An Overview of Artificial Intelligence

Kozeta Sevrani - Sistemet e Informacionit11.6 The Nature of Intelligence Learn from experience & apply the knowledge Handle complex situations Solve problems when important information is missing Determine what is important

Kozeta Sevrani - Sistemet e Informacionit11.7 The Nature of Intelligence React quickly & correctly to new situations Understand visual images Process & manipulate symbols Be creative & imaginative Use heuristics

Kozeta Sevrani - Sistemet e Informacionit11.8 The Difference Between Natural and Artificial Intelligence

Kozeta Sevrani - Sistemet e Informacionit11.9 The Major Branches of Artificial Intelligence

Kozeta Sevrani - Sistemet e Informacionit11.10 An Overview of Expert Systems

Kozeta Sevrani - Sistemet e Informacionit11.11 Characteristics of an Expert System Can explain their reasoning or suggested decisions Can display “intelligent” behavior Can draw conclusions from complex relationships Can provide portable knowledge Can deal with uncertainty Not widely used or tested

Kozeta Sevrani - Sistemet e Informacionit11.12 Characteristics of an Expert System Limited to relatively narrow problems Cannot readily deal with “mixed” knowledge Possibility of error Cannot refine its own knowledge May have high development costs Raise legal and ethical concerns

Kozeta Sevrani - Sistemet e Informacionit11.13 Capabilities of an Expert Systems Strategic goal setting Planning Design Decision-making Quality control and monitoring Diagnosis

Kozeta Sevrani - Sistemet e Informacionit11.14 Capabilities of Expert Systems

Kozeta Sevrani - Sistemet e Informacionit11.15 When to Use Expert Systems High payoff Preserve scarce expertise Distribute expertise Provide more consistency than humans Faster solutions than humans Training expertise

Kozeta Sevrani - Sistemet e Informacionit11.16 Components of an Expert System

Kozeta Sevrani - Sistemet e Informacionit11.17 Knowledge Base Assembling human experts The use of fuzzy logic The use of rules The use of cases

Kozeta Sevrani - Sistemet e Informacionit11.18 Knowledge Base

Kozeta Sevrani - Sistemet e Informacionit11.19 Inference Engine Backward chaining Forward chaining Comparison of backward and forward chaining

Kozeta Sevrani - Sistemet e Informacionit11.20 The Use of Rules

Kozeta Sevrani - Sistemet e Informacionit11.21 The Knowledge Acquisition Facility

Kozeta Sevrani - Sistemet e Informacionit11.22 Components of an Expert System The explanation facility The knowledge acquisition facility The user interface

Kozeta Sevrani - Sistemet e Informacionit11.23 Expert Systems Development

Kozeta Sevrani - Sistemet e Informacionit11.24 Participants in Developing and Using Expert Systems Domain expert Knowledge engineer Knowledge user

Kozeta Sevrani - Sistemet e Informacionit11.25 Participants in Developing and Using Expert Systems

Kozeta Sevrani - Sistemet e Informacionit11.26 Domain Experts Recognize the real problem Develop a general framework for problem solving Formulate theories about the situation Develop and use general rules to solve a problem Know when to break the rules or general principles Solve problems quickly and efficiently

Kozeta Sevrani - Sistemet e Informacionit11.27 Expert Systems Development Tools and Techniques

Kozeta Sevrani - Sistemet e Informacionit11.28 Expert Systems Development Tools and Techniques

Kozeta Sevrani - Sistemet e Informacionit11.29 Expert Systems Development Alternatives

Kozeta Sevrani - Sistemet e Informacionit11.30 Applications of Expert Systems and Artificial Intelligence Credit granting and loan analysis Stock picking Catching cheats and terrorists Budgeting

Kozeta Sevrani - Sistemet e Informacionit11.31 Applications of Expert System and Artificial Intelligence Information management and retrieval Games Virus detection Hospitals and medical facilities

Kozeta Sevrani - Sistemet e Informacionit11.32 Virtual Reality

Kozeta Sevrani - Sistemet e Informacionit11.33 Virtual Reality Enables one or more users to move and react in a computer-simulated environment Immersive virtual reality - user becomes fully immersed in an artificial, three-dimensional world that is completely generated by a computer Virtual reality system - enables one or more users to move and react in a computer-simulated environment

Kozeta Sevrani - Sistemet e Informacionit11.34 Segway

Kozeta Sevrani - Sistemet e Informacionit11.35 Interface Devices Head-mounted display (HMD) Binocular Omni-Orientation Monitor (BOOM) CAVE Haptic interface

Kozeta Sevrani - Sistemet e Informacionit11.36 Forms of Virtual Reality Mouse-controlled navigation Stereo projection systems Stereo viewing from the monitor via stereo glasses

Kozeta Sevrani - Sistemet e Informacionit11.37 Useful Applications Medicine – used to link stroke patients to physical therapists Education and training – used by military for aircraft maintenance Entertainment –Star Wars Episode II: Attack of the Clones

Kozeta Sevrani - Sistemet e Informacionit11.38 Useful Applications Real Estate Marketing and Tourism –Used to increase real estate sales –Virtual reality tour of the White House

Kozeta Sevrani - Sistemet e Informacionit11.39 Other Specialized Systems Segway Personal Transporter Adaptive brain interface technology Personal awareness assistant (PAA)

Kozeta Sevrani - Sistemet e Informacionit11.40 Summary Artificial intelligence - used to describe computers with ability to mimic or duplicate functions of the human brain Intelligent behavior - includes the ability to learn from experience Expert systems - can explain their reasoning (or suggested decisions) and display intelligent behavior Virtual reality systems - enables one or more users to move and react in a computer-simulated environment Special-purpose systems - assist organizations and individuals in new and exciting ways. For example, Segway