A wind comes from the north Blowing little flocks of birds Like spray across the town. from “Patience” by D. H. Lawrence A simile uses a connective word such as like, as, than, or resembles to compare two seemingly unlike things. SIMILE In a good simile, the comparison is unexpected but entirely reasonable.

Metaphors allow us to speak and write in a kind of imaginative shorthand. A metaphor is a more forceful comparison than a simile. It compares two unlike things without using a connective word. METAPHOR I am soft sift In an hourglass from “The Wreck of the Deutschland” by Gerard Manley Hopkins

Personification is figurative language in which a nonhuman thing or an abstract idea is talked about as if it were human. PERSONIFICATION Somewhere the wind-flowers fling their heads back, Stirred by an impetuous wind. from “Study” by D. H. Lawrence

Poets have a choice in the kind of rhythm they can use. They can write in meter a strict rhythmic pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables in each line free verse a loose kind of rhythm that sounds more like natural speech than formal poetry. RHYTHM

Iambic pentameter, is the most common type of meter in English poetry. It consists of five sets of stressed and unstressed syllables. Example: Shall I compare thee to a summer's day? Thou art more lovely and more temperate: Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May, And summer's lease hath all too short a date. IAMBIC PENTAMETER

Listen to this excerpt. Which syllables are stressed in each line? The mountain mists, condensing at our voice Under the moon, had spread their snowy flakes, From the keen ice shielding our linkèd sleep. from “Prometheus Unbound” by Percy Bysshe Shelley METER ˘ ’ ˘ ’ ˘ ’ ˘ ’ ˘ ’ ’ ˘ ˘ ’ ˘ ’ ˘ ’ ˘ ’ ˘ ˘ ’ ’ ’ ˘ ˘ ’ ˘ ’ ’ = stressed syllable˘ = unstressed syllable

Because it is “free” of metric rules, free verse relies on a loose rhythm that sounds more like prose or everyday speech than formal poetry. Free verse is poetry that does not have a regular meter or rhyme scheme. Never, in all your career of worrying, did you imagine what worries could occur concerning the flying cat. You are traveling to a distant city. The cat must travel in a small box with holes. From "The Flying Cat" from Hugging the Jukebox by Naomi Shihab Nye. Copyright © 1982 by Naomi Shihab Nye. Reproduced by permission of the author. The Origin of Free Verse FREE VERSE

End rhyme is rhyme that occurs at the ends of lines. Internal rhyme is rhyme within a line. This knowledge, from an Angel's voice Proceeding, made the heart rejoice —from “The Pilgrim’s Dream” by William Wordsworth The sails at noon left off their tune, —from “The Rime of the Ancient Mariner” by Samuel Taylor Coleridge KINDS OF RHYME

In an exact rhyme, the words rhyme perfectly. heart—start flicker—thicker ordering—bordering In an approximate rhyme, the sounds are similar but not exactly the same. light—late whisper—winter bays—waves Rhymes may be exact or approximate. KINDS OF RHYME Approximate rhymes are also called: slant rhymes imperfect rhymes

Alliteration is the repetition of consonant sounds in words that appear close together. Listen to this excerpt. What consonant sound is repeated in the first line? More about alliteration A long, long yellow on the lawn, A hubbub as of feet; Not audible, as ours to us, But dapperer, more sweet; From J416 “A long, long yellow on the lawn” from The Poems of Emily Dickinson, edited by Thomas H. Johnson. Copyright © 1951, 1955, 1979, 1983 by the President and Fellows of Harvard College. Published by The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Mass. Reproduced by permission of Harvard University Press and the Trustees of Amherst College. ALLITERATION

Listen to this excerpt. What word is an example of onomatopoeia? Onomatopoeia is the use of words that sound like what they mean. Here the water went down, the icebergs slid with gravel, the gaps and the valleys hissed from “Prairie” by Carl Sandburg ONOMATOPOEIA Words such as gurgle, buzz, and bang echo natural or mechanical sounds.

Assonance is the repetition of similar vowel sounds, but with different end consonants in a line or passage of verse or prose, a vowel rhyme as in the words date and fade. Example: Look for the “A” Sounds!! “And stepping softly with her air of blooded ruin about the glade in a frail agony of grace she trailed her rags through dust and ashes, circling the dead fire, the charred billets and chalk bones, the little calcined ribcage.” ASSONANCE

Consonance is an alliteration where consonance sounds are said at the end of stressed syllables. Usually, consonance is used in the same sentence and in poetry through out the entire verse. Examples: 1. "dawn goes down" emphasis is on the letter 'n'. The first and last words ending in 'n' makes the consonance sound. 2. "some mammals are clammy" emphasis is on the two m's. CONSONANCE

Now let’s move on to the types of poems poets commonly use: Ballad Blank Verse Cinquain Couplet Concrete Dramatic Monologue Epic Epigram Free Verse Found Haiku Limerick Lyric Quatrain Sonnet Tanka Now, we’ll discuss a few of the most important ones… POEM TYPES

Blank verse – a poem written in unrhymed iambic pentameter (the meter often used by Shakespeare in his plays), which has the rhythm of spoken language. Example: What is the boy now, who has lost his ball, What, what is he to do? I saw it go Merrily bouncing, down the street, and then Merrily over-there it is in the water! BLANK VERSE

Lyric – a poem that expresses the thoughts, feelings, and state of mind of the poet; portraying his or her own feeling, state of mind, and perceptions. The lyric poet addresses the reader directly. LYRIC

Sonnet – a lyric poem that consists of 14 lines which follow a conventional rhyme scheme. English sonnets have lines of ten syllables written in iambic pentameter. Example: Shakespeare’s Sonnet 18: SONNET

Found – a poem that is created by using “found” words (words and phrases in the environment, newspaper, etc.) Haiku - A Japanese nature poem composed of three unrhymed lines of five, seven, and five syllables. Example by Basho: None is traveling Here along this way but I, This autumn evening. ADDITIONAL TYPES

Concrete – poems that are written in such a way that they make a picture of the thing being written about. Example: “Breezes”, by Court Smith: ADDITIONAL TYPES

Ballad A ballad is a poem that uses steady rhythm, strong rhymes, and repetition to tell a story. Elegy An elegy is a solemn and formal lyric poem that mourns the loss of someone or something. ADDITIONAL TYPES

Poetry has long been the tool of choice for breaking down social issues. Rap is one form of poetry that is specifically written to be spoken. Rap is poetry that often serves as a universal voice for the young. WHY RAP AND POETRY?

COMPLETE THE ANTICIPATION GUIDE BEFORE WE MOVE ON.