Uses of modals to express Deduction Generally, deductions are based on the evidence, experience or information we have.
Deductions about the PRESENT: Must / Can’t + infinitive We use: ► MUST + infinitive without “TO” to make a logical deduction.
► Ex.: Carol must get very bored in her job. She does the same thing every day.
Deductions about the PRESENT: Must / Can’t + infinitive To express a Negative deduction we use: To express a Negative deduction we use: ► CAN’T + infinitive without “TO” (not MUSTN’T)
You can’t be serious. You are exagerating!
► It is possible to use have (got) to be for emphatic logical deduction (in AmE). Ex: This has (got) to be the most stupid film I have ever seen
Continuous form in the Present Tense ► Must be / Can’t be + ing. Ex: The disco is not loud. You can’t be damaging your ears when you go there.
You must be feeling observed.
Deductions about the PAST : We use: ► MUST HAVE + past participle
I didn’t hear the phone. I must have been asleep. *Ex:
Negative Deductions about the PAST: We use: CAN’T HAVE + past participle (not MUSTN’T) *Ex: Sue hasn’t contacted me. She can’t have got my message.
► You can use COULDN’T HAVE instead of CAN’T HAVE. *Ex: Sue couldn’t have fixed the computer, it’s still working properly.
Continuous form in the Past Tense ► Must / Can’t have been + ing. Ex: *Tom walked into a wall. He can’t have been looking where he was going.
I couldn’t wake you this morning. You must have been sleeping really soundly. *Ex:
MODALS PROHIBITION: ► MUST NOT / MUSTN´T ► IT CAN BE: OBJECTIVE OBJECTIVE SUBJECTIVE SUBJECTIVE
YOU MUST NOT SMOKE HERE
MMMMMM ….. You mustn ´t watch so much TV
WE CAN USE “MUST NOT” TO TALK ABOUT : ► THE FUTURE You mustn´t be late tomorrow. ► Other way: We won´t be allowed to park here for long.
MUST NOT / MUSTN´T: PAST ► Examples: We were not allowed to enter. I couldn´t park outside the shop.
INADVISABILITY: PRESENT ► WE USE: SHOULDN´T + verb infinitive + ing. OUGHTN´T TO+ verb infinitive +ing.
YOU SHOULDN ´T BE LATE FOR MEETINGS
INADVISABILITY: FUTURE ► EXAMPLES: It WON´T BE advisable (for her) to play games for the next month.
INADVISABILITY: PAST ► WE USE: SHOULDN´T HAVE + past participle + ING OUGHTN´T TO HAVE + past participle +ING
YOU SHOULDN´T HAVE STARTED SMOKING
INADVISABILITY: PERFECT ► WE USE: SHOULDN´T HAVE + Past participle OUGHTN´T TO HAVE + past participle
YOU SHOULDN´T HAVE PARKED THERE
LACK OF NECESSITY: PRESENT ► WE USE: NEEDN´T / DON´T NEED TO / DON´T HAVE TO/ HAVEN´T GOT TO
PENSAR EJEMPLO I don´t have to be stress when I have ALL this BEER !
e.g: You don´t need / needn´t drink like that, when you have a glass in which you can drink your beer.
LACK OF NECESSITY: PAST ► WE USE: DIDN´T HAVE TO + infinitive DIDN´T NEED TO + infinitive I didn´t need to pay at once. (I didn´t pay) I didn´t need to pay at once. (I didn´t pay) NEEDN´T HAVE +past participle I needen´t have to paid at once( but I paid) I needen´t have to paid at once( but I paid)
LACK OF NECESSITY FUTURE ► EXAMPLES: I needn´t don´t have to don´t have to We also can express the future with WON´T e.g: I WON´T need to have to Be Leave Be leaving At the office (until 9 tomorrow) Until 9 ( tomorrow) Be ast office before 9 tomorrow
MODALS TO EXPRESS HABITS *It can be expresed by: used to, will and would *Examples: -She used to travell a lot. -She used to play saxo.
I used to smoke, but I don´t anymore….
I played football… I used to played football…
I never used to eat a large breakfast, but I do now!
*I used to live in a country for three years. *I lived in a country for three years
I used to be a housewife, But I`m a model now
“Every lesson is the same: he will sit down, get His books out and them he will start giving us instructions. He won`t greet us or show any interest in us.” “The dominant male of the group will not tolerate the presence of other males. We enjoy going out with Frank and Carol, but they will argue in public!”
Every lesson was the same: he would sit down, get his books out and them he would start giving us instructions. He wouldn`t greet us or show any interest in us. I miss Dad eventhough he would always tell me how to run my life! The car would never start on winter mornings when we were in Sweden.