Bellringer # 19  You may have heard the concept that in nature everything is connected. What does this mean?  Explain how an oak tree, a tick, a gypsy moth, a deer, some acorns, and some mice could all be connected.

Objectives  Distinguish between the biotic and abiotic factors in an ecosystem.  Describe how a population differs from a species.  Explain how habitats are important for organisms. The The Organization of Life - Chapter Four

Defining an Ecosystem Ecosystems - are communities of organisms and their abiotic environment. Ex. oak forest or a coral reef. Even a vacant lot. 1. do not have clear boundaries. 2. things move from one ecosystem to another. another. Ex. Pollen can blow in the wind. Birds migrate from state to state. Birds migrate from state to state.

3. In order to survive, ecosystems need five basic components: a. energy b. mineral/nutrients c. water d. oxygen e. living organisms. 4. If one part of the ecosystem is destroyed or changes, the entire system will be affected.

Biotic and Abiotic Factors Biotic factors -factors that are associated with or results from the activities of living organisms which includes plants, animals, dead organisms, and the waste products of organisms. Abiotic factors - factors that are not associated with the activities of living organisms which includes air, water, rocks, and temperature.

Organisms - living things that can carry out life processes independently. Can you think of any examples? Species -groups of organisms that are closely related can mate to produce fertile offspring. -Species do not all have to live in the same place. -Look in your book at Figure 4 on page 101

Populations -groups of organisms of the same species that live in a specific geographical area and interbreed. -example:all the field mice in a corn field. Important characteristic of a population: its members usually breed with one another rather than with members of other populations Look in your book at Figure 5 on page 101

Communities -groups of various species that live in the same habitat and interact with each other. 1. Every population is part of a community. 2. plants determine what other organisms can live in a community.

Habitats - places where an organism usually lives. 1. Every habitat has specific characteristics that the organisms that live there need to survive. If any of these factors change, the habitat changes. 2. animals and plants usually cannot survive for long periods of time away from their natural habitat.

Homework  Define ONLY the vocab words for Ch.4 Section 1. page 99. (8 words)  Section 1. Review page 102 questions 1-6.  You do not have the write the question.  Write in complete sentences.  Remember to answer all parts of the question/questions.

Bellringer # 20  Look at figure 7 on page 103.  Write down all of the characteristics that would help the chameleon when it hunts.  Compare your thoughts to the information in paragraph one on page 103.

Ch.4 S.2 Evolution Objectives  Explain the process of evolution by natural selection.  Explain the concept of adaptation.  Describe the steps by which a population of insects becomes resistant to pesticide.

Natural selection - the process by which individuals that have favorable variations and are better adapted to their environment survive and reproduce more successfully than less well adapted individuals do. 1. Darwin proposed that over many generations, natural selection causes the characteristics of populations to change. Evolution - a change in the characteristics of a population from one generation to the next.

Nature Selects  Darwin thought that nature selects for certain traits, such as sharper claws, because organisms with these traits are more likely to survive.  Over time, the population includes a greater and greater proportion of organisms with the beneficial trait.  As the populations of a given species change, so does the species.

Nature Selects

Adaptation -the process of becoming adapted to an environment. -It is an anatomical, physiological, or behavioral change that improves a population’s ability to survive.

Coevolution -The process of two species evolving in response to long-term interactions with each other. Example: the Hawaiian honeycreeper, which has a long, curved beak to reach nectar at the base of a flower. The flower has structures that ensure that the bird gets some pollen on its head.

 The honeycreeper’s adaptation is a long, curved beak.  The plant has two adaptations:  The first is the sweet nectar, which attracts the birds.  The second is the flower structure that forces pollen onto the bird’s head when the bird sips nectar. Coevolution

Artificial selection - the selective breeding of organisms, by humans, for specific desirable characteristics. examples:dogsfruitgrainvegetables

Resistance -the ability of an organism to tolerate a chemical or disease-causing agent. Example: Pesticide Resistance

Homework  Define the Ch.4 S.2 Vocab words on page103  5 words  Section 2 Review questions pg.107 #1-4  You do not have the write the question.  Write in complete sentences.  Remember to answer all parts of the question/questions.

Bellringer #22  Read Darwin’s Finches on pages  Answer question 1 in your journal

Bellringer #21  How would a scientist classify you?  Look at Table 2 on page 108 and write down what kingdom you belong to.

 Name the six kingdoms of organisms and identify two characteristics of each.  Explain the importance of bacteria and fungi in the environment.  Describe the importance of protists in the ocean environment.  Describe how angiosperms and animals depend on each other.  Explain why insects are such successful animals. Sec. 3: The Diversity of Living Things

The Kingdoms of Life

Bacteria - extremely small, single-celled organisms that usually have a cell wall and reproduce by cell usually have a cell wall and reproduce by cell division. division. 1.bacteria lack nuclei 2.Two main kinds of bacteria: archaebacteria and eubacteria 3. Bacteria live in every habitat on Earth.

Bacteria and the Environment  Bacteria also allow many organisms, including humans, to extract certain nutrients from their food.  The bacterium, Escherichia coli or E. coli, is found in the intestines of humans and other animals and helps digest food and release vitamins that humans need.

Fungus -an organism whose cells have nuclei, rigid cell walls, and no chlorophyll and that belongs to the kingdom Fungi. 1. Cell walls act like mini-skeletons that allow fungi to stand up right. Ex. Mushroom, yeast, athlete’s foot, jock itch

2. Fungi get their food by releasing chemicals that help break down organic matter, and then absorbing the nutrients. 3. Like bacteria, fungi play an important role in breaking down the bodies of dead organisms. Fungus 4. Some fungi, like some bacteria, cause disease. 5. Other fungi add flavor to food as in blue cheese. The fungus gives the cheese both its blue color and strong flavor.

Protists -diverse organisms that belong to the kingdom Protista. -Most protists are one-celled microscopic organisms Examples: a. amoebas, are animallike b. kelp, are plantlike c. some resemble fungi d. diatoms, which float on the ocean surface, e. Plasmodium, is the one-celled organism that causes the disease malaria.

f. Algae - plantlike protists that can make their own food using the energy from the sun. Protists - They range in size from the giant kelp to the one-celled phytoplankton

Plants - many-celled organisms that make their own food using the sun’s energy and have cell walls. a. Leaves and roots are connected by vascular tissue, which has thick cell vascular tissue, which has thick cell walls and serves as a system of tubes walls and serves as a system of tubes that carries water and food. that carries water and food.

Lower Plants  The first land plants had no vascular tissue, and swimming sperm. They therefore had to live in damp places and couldn’t grow very large. ex. mosses  a. Ferns and club mosses were the first vascular plants, with some of the ferns vascular plants, with some of the ferns being as large as small trees. being as large as small trees.

Gymnosperms -woody vascular see plants whose seeds are not enclosed by an ovary or fruit. Examples: Conifers and Ginkos  Much or our lumber and paper comes form gymnosperms.

Angiosperms -flowering plants that produce seeds within fruit. 1. Most land animals are dependent on flowering plants. flowering plants. 2. Most of the food we eat, such as wheat, rice, beans, oranges, and lettuce comes rice, beans, oranges, and lettuce comes from flowering plants. from flowering plants. 3. Building materials and fibers, such as oak and cotton, also come from flowering and cotton, also come from flowering plants. plants.

Animals 1. Animals cannot make their own food. 2. Animal cells also have no cell walls. Vertebrates vs. Invertebrates Backbone present Mobile organisms May be carnivore, omnivore, herbivore, or scavengers. No backbone present Many are sessile filter feeders Others are mobile carnivores Many have a protective exoskeleton

Homework  Section 3 Review questions 1-6 page 113  Vocab Section 3 page 108 (8 words)

BR #23  1. Give two examples of organisms that have coevolved.  2. Why did the Galopogos finches studied by the Grants evolve so rapidly?

 BR #24  Open your book to page 122. Read Butterfly Ecologist and answer the questions in your journal.  When you are done, work on the CH.5 Vocab all 17 words on page 142

Open your books to page 118 and follow along as we go through the ACT test prep questions.