SUPPORT AND LOCOmoTION

Locomotion self generated movement of an organism from place to place A. Motile Organisms- capable of locomotion B. Sessile Organisms- not capable of locomotion C. ADVANTAGES of being Motile: 1. Find food 2. Find shelter 3. Escape 4. Find mates

Muscles & Skeleton A. Exoskeleton- made of Chitin (compound made of polysaccharide) or calcium compounds; is located on outside of body enclosing soft parts Characteristics: 1. Highly protective 2. Limited movement 3. Must be shed (does NOT grow) Examples: (many invertebrates) such as... insects, mollusks, lobsters

B. Endoskeleton- made of bone & cartilage; is located on inside of body Characteristics: 1. Not as protective as exoskeleton 2. Good for movement 3. Grows with organism Examples: (all vertebrates) such as... reptiles, birds, mammals, amphibians

Locomotion in Protists Amoeba uses pseudopods Paramecium uses cilia Euglena uses flagella Algae (some) uses flagella

Locomotion in Humans Contains ENDOSKELETON 1. BONE- its functions include: support & protection of body structures, anchorage sites for muscle action, leverage for body movement, and production of blood cells in the marrow. 2. CARTILAGE- its functions include: pliable support, flexibility of joints, and cushioning effects in joints. Although the human skeleton mainly consists of bone, another type of connective tissue, cartilage, is also present. Cartilage is flexible, fibrous and elastic.

a) Adult: cartilage is found at the end of ribs, between vertebrae, at the ends of bones, & in the nose, ears, & trachea. b) Embryo: cartilage makes up most of the embryo's skeleton. By adulthood most of this cartilage is replaced by bone.

3. MUSCLES- there are three major types of muscles in the human body: visceral muscles which are involuntary in action and smooth in appearance; cardiac muscles which are involuntary in action and striated in appearance; and skeletal muscles which are voluntary in action and striated in appearance. Skeletal muscles which are controlled by the nervous system serve to move the bones in a coordinated manner. Muscles usually operate in pairs that include: extensors that extend limbs and flexors that return the limbs. Vigorous activity of skeletal muscles may lead to an oxygen deficiency that can result in anaerobic respiration and a buildup of lactic acid. Lactic acid production is associated with fatigue.nervous system

LIGAMENTS composed of tough elastic connective tissue. Ligaments connect the ends of bones at movable joints such as the elbow, fingers, knee & vertebral column.

TENDONS composed of connective tissue. They are tough, inelastic, fibrous cords that attach muscles to bones

Disorders with Locomotion 1. Arthritis is an inflammation of the joints. 2. Tendinitis is an inflammation of the tendon usually at the bone juncture. This condition is common to athletes. To treat these and other musculoskeletal disfunctions, physical therapy or a form of physical rehabilitation is required.