Chapter 6 Osseous Tissue & Bone Structure

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Presentation transcript:

Chapter 6 Osseous Tissue & Bone Structure

6-1: Skeletal System Functions Skeletal system includes bones, cartilages, ligaments, connective tissues Functions: support, store minerals, produce blood cells, protection, leverage

6-2: Bone Classification Bone Shapes Sutural vs. irregular vs. short vs. flat vs. long vs. sesamoid bones Bone Markings External & internal features (Table 6-1) Bone Structure Diaphysis vs. epiphysis; compact bone vs. spongy bone

6-3: Bone Composition Bone Matrix Bone Cells Ca3(PO4)2 & collagen fibers Bone Cells Osteocytes arranged in layers (lamallae); canaliculi connect lamallae Osteoblasts vs. osteoclasts Osteogenesis vs. osteolysis

6-4: Compact & Spongy Bone Compact Bone Osteocytes arrange in layers around a central canal to form an osteon Spongy Bone Matrix forms a mesh of fibers Location of red & yellow bone marrow Periosteum vs. Endosteum

6-5: Bone Formation Endochondral Ossification Bones begin as hyaline cartilage; are replaced by bone Examine steps in Figure 6-10 Primary vs. secondary ossification centers Epiphyseal cartilages (growth plates)

Intramembranous Ossification Mesenchymal cells form flat bones Examine steps in Figure 6-12 Spongy bone becomes more compact

6-6: Bone Growth & Development Osteoblasts & osteoclasts continually remove & replace osteons Rate of formation & destruction is usually equal

6-7: Exercise & Hormones Effects of Exercise on Bone Stresses to bone promote osteoblast activity Hormonal & Nutritional Effects Normal bone growth depends on calcium, vitamins (esp. C), growth hormone, estrogens & androgens

6-8: Calcium & Bone Physiol. Calcium is needed for neuron & muscle cell activity Hormones & Calcium Balance Parathyroid hormone (PTH) stimulates osteoclasts; increases blood calcium Calcitonin inhibits osteoclasts; decreases blood calcium

6-9: Fractures Bone blood clot forms after break External callus forms over internal callus Osteoblasts replace calluses; osteoblasts & osteoclasts continue to remodel bone

6-10: Osteopenia Osteopenia—inadequate ossification (loss of bone mass) Osteoporosis—loss of bone mass compromises normal function

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