5.2.1 and 5.2.2

I. The Skeletal System A.The skeletal system includes: ◦Bones ◦Cartilages ◦Joints ◦Ligaments ◦Other connective tissues Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Functions ◦Support against gravity ◦Storage ◦Calcium, phosphorous ◦Fat ◦Blood cell production ◦Protection of soft internal organs ◦Leverage for muscle action Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

The Structure of Bone Figure 6-1

B.Macroscopic Features of Bones a)General shapes of bones ◦Long bones (e.g., humerus) ◦Short bones (e.g., carpal bones) ◦Flat bones (e.g., parietal bone) ◦Irregular bones (e.g., vertebra) Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Pushing the Limits clip

The Structure of Bone The Structure of a Long Bone Figure 6-2

Structure ◦Diaphysis - The shaft of a long bone ◦Epiphysis – The head of a long bone ◦Medullary Cavity – The space within a bone that contains the marrow ◦Articular cartilage - cartilage pad that covers the surface of a bone inside a joint cavity. ◦Periosteum - covers the outer surface of bone in all places except at the joints. ◦Endosteum – thin layer of connective tissue which lines the surface of the bony tissue that forms the medullary cavity of long bones. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Types of Bone A.Bones are rigid organs that form part of the endoskeleton of vertebrates. a)Two types of bone b)Compact bone – the hard outer layer of bones. Called compact due to its minimal gaps and spaces. ◦This tissue gives bones their smooth, white, and solid appearance, and accounts for 80% of the total bone mass of an adult skeleton. c)Spongy bone (cancellous) – fills the interior of bone, it’s a open cell porous network.

Radiology a medical specialty that employs the use of imaging to both diagnose and treat disease visualized within the human body. MRI PET Scan CT Scan

X-Rays A FORM OF ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION. X-rays are usually shot in two planes; anterior/posterior and lateral The joint above and below is usually x-rayed to check for dislocations

Transverse Fracture that occurs perpendicular to the bone. It is a complete break

Oblique A fracture that is neither perpendicular nor parallel to the bone

Spiral A fracture in which the bone has been twisted apart

Greenstick A fracture (usually in children) in which the bone does not break completely.

Comminuted A fracture in which bone is broken in a number of pieces. This kind of fracture results from high energy impacts like auto accidents

Compression A fracture in which bone compresses and condenses rather than breaking apart.

Depression Fracture A break in the skull in which bone fragments are pushed below the normal surface of the skull.

Open/Compound A fracture in which bone breaks the skin

Other terms added to fractures