What is the Industrial Revolution? A period of transition from small farming villages to mechanized workA period of transition from small farming villages to mechanized work What made it possible (causes)?What made it possible (causes)? –Agricultural Revolution –Population Explosion –New Technology

Agricultural Revolution * Improved methods of farming –* Enclosure Movement –Process of taking over and fencing off land formerly shared by peasant farmers  increased profits  farm laborers lose their jobs  farmworkers migrate to cities  provided labor for factories Starts in England

The Enclosure Movement

“ Enclosed ” Lands Today

Population Explosion Ag Revolution reduced risk of famineAg Revolution reduced risk of famine More food, increased hygiene and sanitation, and improved medical care slowed the deathratesMore food, increased hygiene and sanitation, and improved medical care slowed the deathrates

New Technology Steam Engine: developed by Thomas Newcomen and improved by James WattsSteam Engine: developed by Thomas Newcomen and improved by James Watts Smelt iron: separating iron from its ore produced a better quality and less expensive ironSmelt iron: separating iron from its ore produced a better quality and less expensive iron

Why did the Industrial Revolution begin in England? ResourcesResources –Coal, iron, labor New TechnologyNew Technology –Skilled mechanics Economic ConditionsEconomic Conditions –Capital, increased demand, affordable goods Political and Social ConditionsPolitical and Social Conditions –Stable government, protect overseas trade, religious attitudes encouraged hard work and thrift

That Nation of Shopkeepers! -- Napoleon Bonaparte

Metals, Woolens, & Canals

Early Canals Britain’s Earliest Transportation Infrastructure

Coalfields & Industrial Areas

18001 ton of coal50, 000 miners tons200, 000 miners million tons500, 000 miners million tons1, 200, 000 miners Coal Mining in Britain:

Young Coal Miners

Child Labor in the Mines Child “hurriers”

British Iron Production

Textile Industry Britain’s largest industryBritain’s largest industry Putting out system: raw cotton distributed to households who then spun it into thread and wove it into clothPutting out system: raw cotton distributed to households who then spun it into thread and wove it into cloth Inventions made this process fasterInventions made this process faster –James Hargreaves: spinning jenny  spun many threads at once –Richard Awkwright: waterframe  used water power to speed up machines Factories emerge to house the new machinesFactories emerge to house the new machines

Factory Production ) Concentrates production in one place [materials, labor]. ) Located near sources of power [rather than labor or markets]. ) Requires a lot of capital investment [factory, machines, etc.] more than skilled labor. ) Only 10% of English industry in 1850.

Richard Arkwright: “ Pioneer of the Factory System ” The “Water Frame”

Textile Factory Workers in England looms 150, 000 workers , 000 looms 200, 000 workers , 000 looms>1 million workers

John Kay ’ s “ Flying Shuttle ”

The Power Loom

Textile Factory Workers in England

Transportation Revolution Turnpikes: private roads that charged users a feeTurnpikes: private roads that charged users a fee CanalsCanals Steam powered locomotives: George StephensonSteam powered locomotives: George Stephenson Steamships: Robert FultonSteamships: Robert Fulton

Steam Tractor

Steam Ship

An Early Steam Locomotive

Later Locomotives

The Impact of the Railroad

Railroads on the Continent

“ The Great Land Serpent ”

The New Industrial City

New Industrial City Urbanization: Movement of people to citiesUrbanization: Movement of people to cities –Why? Changes in farming, soaring population growth, increased demand for workers Tenements: multistory buildings divided into apartmentsTenements: multistory buildings divided into apartments –Bad conditions: »no running water, no sewage or sanitation systems »Rapid spread of diseases

Worker Housing in Manchester

Factory Workers at Home

Private Charities: Soup Kitchens

The Factory System × Rigid schedule. × hour day. × Dangerous conditions (accidents, dust) × Mind-numbing monotony.

The Factory System: Women and Children Many factories preferred to hire women and children. Why?Many factories preferred to hire women and children. Why? –Adapt more easily to machines –Easier to manage –Paid less Children as young as 5 workedChildren as young as 5 worked Parliament later passed laws to regulate child laborParliament later passed laws to regulate child labor

Factory Wages in Lancashire, 1830 Age of Worker Male Wages Female Wages under 11 2s 3d. 2s. 4d s. 1d. 4s. 3d s. 2d. 7s. 3d s. 2d. 8s. 5d s. 4d. 8s. 7d s. 8d. 8s. 9d s. 7d. 9s. 8d s. 3d. 9s. 3d s. 7d. 8s. 10d s. 4d. 8s. 4d s. 6d. 6s. 4d.

19 c Bourgeoisie: The Industrial Nouveau Riche

Criticism of the New Bourgeoisie

Stereotype of the Factory Owner

“ Upstairs ” / “ Downstairs ” Life

The Life of the New Urban Poor: A Dickensian Nightmare!

The Luddites: Ned Ludd [a mythical figure supposed to live in Sherwood Forest] Attacks on the “frames” [power looms].

British Soldiers Fire on British Workers: Let us die like men, and not be sold like slaves! Peterloo Massacre, 1819

The “ Peoples ’ Charter ” V Drafted in 1838 by William Lovett. V Radical campaign for Parliamentary reform of the inequalities created by the Reform Bill of × Votes for all men. × Equal electoral districts. × Abolition of the requirement that Members of Parliament [MPs] be property owners. × Payment for Members of Parliament. × Annual general elections. × The secret ballot.

Thomas Malthus × Population growth will outpace the food supply. × War, disease, or famine could control population. × The poor should have less children. × Food supply will then keep up with population.

David Ricardo × “Iron Law of Wages.” × When wages are high, workers have more children. × More children create a large labor surplus that depresses wages.

The Utilitarians: Jeremy Bentham & John Stuart Mill × The goal of society is the greatest good for the greatest number. × There is a role to play for government intervention to provide some social safety net.

Jeremy Bentham

The Socialists: Utopians & Marxists × People as a society would operate and own the means of production, not individuals. × Their goal was a society that benefited everyone, not just a rich, well-connected few. × Tried to build perfect communities [utopias].

By 1850 : Zones of Industrialization on the European Continent ùNortheast France. ùBelgium. ùThe Netherlands. ùWestern German states. ùNorthern Italy ùEast Germany  Saxony

Industrialization By 1850

Share in World Manufacturing Output:

Bibliographic Sources ) “Images of the Industrial Revolution.” Mt. Holyoke College. /ind_rev/images/images-ind-era.html ) “The Peel Web: A Web of English History.” eight/primary.htm