How Machines Changed the World

Factors of Production in England  Land All of a nation’s available natural resources ○ England had coal, iron and water in abundance  Labor Growing population Displaced farmers  Capital Money for investment. “Human” capital – inventive people

A Revolution in Textiles  Began as a “cottage industry” – Done in the home or “cottage.”  Most fabric in Britain was made of wool or cotton Had growing supplies of both. ○ Wool from enclosed sheep farms ○ Cotton from the colonies

A Revolution in Textiles  Several inventions: Cotton Gin – Eli Whitney Spinning Jenny – James Hargreaves Spinning frame – Richard Arkwright Flying shuttle – John Kay Power Loom – Edmund Cartwright  Each of these inventions made production faster. What might be the results of this?

A Revolution in Textiles  New machines were too big for homes. Led to development of factories. Early ones had to be built near flowing streams for power. In 30 years, England’s output of textiles increased 500 %

Moving to Steam Power  When steam is created it exerts pressure if contained.  James Watt developed an efficient steam engine  Richard Trevithick used a steam engine to power the first locomotive.

Moving to Steam Power  Robert Fulton, an American, put a steam engine on a boat, The Clermont. Why was this such an important innovation?  Rise of steam engines led to rise in demand for coal Coal mining grows Labor issues

Industrialization Changes Life in England  By 1800’s people could earn more on factories than on farms Could afford to buy coal for heat Could afford new clothes Overall economy prospered  City Growth Urbanization – city building and the movement of people to the cities.

Industrialization Changes Life in England  Factories were built in clusters. Why? Needed to be: Near sources of energy Near transportation Near labor supply  London became Europe’s largest city.

Industrialization Changes Life in England  Living conditions became a problem Cities lacked sanitation, police, and adequate housing Epidemics (large outbreaks of disease) were common. In 1842, in one large city the average life span was 17 years – versus 38 years in a nearby rural area.

Industrialization Changes Life in England  Working conditions were also horrible Women and children were often preferred as labor. ○ Why? - Cheaper Average worker ○ 14 hours a day ○ 6 days a week No protections for workers who fell sick or were injured.

Quiz Time: Covers stuff from both days on Industrial Revolution (you may use your notes )  1.Write the definition of “Industrial Revolution.”  2.List the five things that England had going for it that made it the place where industrialization began.  3.What was invented by Jethro Tull?  4.The selling and fencing of land that had been used by communities for gardens, etc, was known as what?

Quiz Time  5.What are the three “factors of production?”  6.What is meant by the term “cottage industry?”  7.What important device was invented by Eli Whitney?  8.Why did factories become necessary?  9.Who developed an efficient steam engine for use in factories?

Quiz Time  10. Who was the first person to use a steam engine on a boat?  11. Why did the move to steam power create a need for lots of coal?  12. What three needs caused factories to be built in clusters?  13. What is an “epidemic”?

Quiz Time  14. Why were women and children often preferred as a source of labor?  15. What was the average work week for workers in England’s factories?