Russian Engineers Training March 2011 Asphalt Physical Tests & History of Asphalt Grading Systems Asphalt Physical Tests & History of Asphalt Grading Systems 1

Russian Engineers Training March 2011 ASPHALT PHYSICAL TESTS Asphalt Physical Tests & History of Asphalt Grading Systems Asphalt Physical Tests & History of Asphalt Grading Systems

Asphalt Cement Physical Tests Russian Engineers Training March 2011 Asphalt Cement Physical Tests Categories Consistency tests - Penetration - Viscosity - Softening point Aging tests - Thin Film Oven Test (TFOT) - Rolling Thin Film Oven Test (RTFOT) Asphalt Physical Tests & History of Asphalt Grading Systems Asphalt Physical Tests & History of Asphalt Grading Systems

Asphalt Cement Physical Tests (Cont.) Russian Engineers Training March 2011 Asphalt Cement Physical Tests (Cont.) Purity test - Solubility Safety test - Flash point Other tests - Ductility - Specific gravity Asphalt Physical Tests & History of Asphalt Grading Systems Asphalt Physical Tests & History of Asphalt Grading Systems

Russian Engineers Training March 2011 Consistency Tests Consistency describes the viscosity or degree of fluidity of asphalt at any particular temperature. Asphalt is a thermoplastic material Standard temperature for comparison Grading based on consistency at a standard temperature Measure of hardening (aging) - Elevated temperatures - In-service Asphalt Physical Tests & History of Asphalt Grading Systems Asphalt Physical Tests & History of Asphalt Grading Systems

Routine Tests for Consistency Russian Engineers Training March 2011 Routine Tests for Consistency Viscosity at 275°F (135°C) Near mixing and laydown temperature for HMA Penetration at 77°F (25°C) Near average service temperature Viscosity at 140°F (60°C) Near maximum surface temperature of the HMA pavement Asphalt Physical Tests & History of Asphalt Grading Systems Asphalt Physical Tests & History of Asphalt Grading Systems

Russian Engineers Training March 2011 Viscosity at 140°F (60°C) Definition: Resistance to flow of a fluid Test (ASTM D2171) Viscometers - Cannon-Manning Vacuum Viscometer - Asphalt Institute Vacuum Viscometer Temperature control (water bath) Operation: Under partial vacuum Measurement: Timing marks Unit: Poises (P) or Pascal second (Pa.s) (1 Pa.s = 10 poises) Asphalt Physical Tests & History of Asphalt Grading Systems Asphalt Physical Tests & History of Asphalt Grading Systems

Russian Engineers Training March 2011 Asphalt Physical Tests & History of Asphalt Grading Systems Asphalt Physical Tests & History of Asphalt Grading Systems

Russian Engineers Training March 2011 Water Bath Vacuum Source Asphalt Physical Tests & History of Asphalt Grading Systems Asphalt Physical Tests & History of Asphalt Grading Systems

Kinematic Viscosity at 275°F (135°C) Russian Engineers Training March 2011 Kinematic Viscosity at 275°F (135°C) Test (ASTM D2170) Viscometer (Zeitfuchs Cross Arm viscometer) Temperature control (oil bath) Operation: Gravity flow Measurement: Timing marks Unit: Centistokes (cSt) or mm2/s Kinematic: Gravitational forces induce flow Absolute viscosity = Kinematic Viscosity x Specific Gravity Asphalt Physical Tests & History of Asphalt Grading Systems Asphalt Physical Tests & History of Asphalt Grading Systems

Russian Engineers Training March 2011 Zeitfuchs Cross-Arm Viscometer Asphalt Physical Tests & History of Asphalt Grading Systems

Russian Engineers Training March 2011 Asphalt Physical Tests & History of Asphalt Grading Systems Asphalt Physical Tests & History of Asphalt Grading Systems

Russian Engineers Training March 2011 Penetration Test Definition: Empirical measure of consistency determined by measuring how far a needle penetrates Test (ASTM D5) Penetrometer with a specified needle Asphalt sample in 3 oz. or 6 oz. metal/glass container Water bath: 77°F (25°C), 39.2°F (4°C) Test duration: 5 sec or 60 sec Penetration measured in 0.1 mm multiples Unit: 1 penetration unit = 0.1 mm 60 penetration units = 6 mm Asphalt Physical Tests & History of Asphalt Grading Systems Asphalt Physical Tests & History of Asphalt Grading Systems

Russian Engineers Training March 2011 Penetration Test Asphalt Physical Tests & History of Asphalt Grading Systems Asphalt Physical Tests & History of Asphalt Grading Systems

Russian Engineers Training March 2011 Asphalt Physical Tests & History of Asphalt Grading Systems Asphalt Physical Tests & History of Asphalt Grading Systems

Softening Point (Ring and Ball) Russian Engineers Training March 2011 Softening Point (Ring and Ball) Definition: Temperature at which an asphalt specimen cannot support its own weight and starts flowing Purpose Evaluate temperature at which phase change occurs Test (AASHTO T53) Test conducted in distilled water or glycerin Temperature rise rate 5°C/min Brass ring filled with asphalt and steel ball placed Temperature measured at the instant the softened asphalt reaches the bottom Asphalt Physical Tests & History of Asphalt Grading Systems Asphalt Physical Tests & History of Asphalt Grading Systems

Russian Engineers Training March 2011 Softening Point Test Asphalt Physical Tests & History of Asphalt Grading Systems Asphalt Physical Tests & History of Asphalt Grading Systems

Russian Engineers Training March 2011 Thin Film Oven Test Purpose To subject asphalt to hardening conditions approximating those that occur in normal HMA batch plant operations Test (ASTM D1754) Forced draft oven (325°F) Rotating shelf (5-6 RPM) 1/8 inch film of asphalt heated in pans Time: 5 hours Weight loss determined (%) Viscosity or penetration of TFOT residue measured Asphalt Physical Tests & History of Asphalt Grading Systems Asphalt Physical Tests & History of Asphalt Grading Systems

Russian Engineers Training March 2011 Asphalt Physical Tests & History of Asphalt Grading Systems Asphalt Physical Tests & History of Asphalt Grading Systems

Russian Engineers Training March 2011 Asphalt Physical Tests & History of Asphalt Grading Systems Asphalt Physical Tests & History of Asphalt Grading Systems

Rolling Thin Film Oven Test (RTFOT) Russian Engineers Training March 2011 Rolling Thin Film Oven Test (RTFOT) Purpose To subject asphalt to hardening conditions approximating those that occur in normal HMA batch plant operations Test (ASTM D2872) Forced draft oven (325°F) Moving thin film in glass bottle Rack rotates at a prescribed rate Air jet (air flow 4000 ml/min) Time: 85 minutes Weight loss measured Viscosity of RTFOT residue measured Asphalt Physical Tests & History of Asphalt Grading Systems Asphalt Physical Tests & History of Asphalt Grading Systems

Russian Engineers Training March 2011 Asphalt Physical Tests & History of Asphalt Grading Systems Asphalt Physical Tests & History of Asphalt Grading Systems

Russian Engineers Training March 2011 Asphalt Physical Tests & History of Asphalt Grading Systems Asphalt Physical Tests & History of Asphalt Grading Systems

Russian Engineers Training March 2011 Solubility Test Purpose To determine asphalt purity in terms of percentage soluble in trichloroethylene (TCE). Mineral matter is not dissolved in TCE. Test (ASTM D2042) Asphalt dissolved in TCE and allowed to sit for 15 minutes Filtered through a glass fiber pad Insoluble material retained on pad determined Results expressed as % Purity Asphalt Physical Tests & History of Asphalt Grading Systems Asphalt Physical Tests & History of Asphalt Grading Systems

Russian Engineers Training March 2011 Flash Point Test Definition: Flash point is the temperature at which the asphalt gives off enough vapor which can flash (ignite) in the presence of a spark or open flame Test (ASTM D92) Cleveland Open-Cup (COC) method Brass cup filled with asphalt heated at a prescribed rate Small flame passed over the surface periodically Temperature at an instantaneous flash noted Results: F or C Asphalt Physical Tests & History of Asphalt Grading Systems Asphalt Physical Tests & History of Asphalt Grading Systems

Flash Point Test (Cont.) Russian Engineers Training March 2011 Flash Point Test (Cont.) Uses Safety during handling Material quality/specification compliance Comment Well above temperatures used in HMA production Below fire point (combustion temperature) Asphalt Physical Tests & History of Asphalt Grading Systems Asphalt Physical Tests & History of Asphalt Grading Systems

Russian Engineers Training March 2011 Asphalt Physical Tests & History of Asphalt Grading Systems Asphalt Physical Tests & History of Asphalt Grading Systems

Russian Engineers Training March 2011 Ductility Test Definition: Ability of the asphalt to be stretched or drawn without breaking Test (ASTM D113) Empirical test Test temperatures (77°F, 60°F, 39.2°F, etc.) Water bath (salt/alcohol) Special specimen mold (dog bone shape) Extension rate (5 cm/min or 1 cm/min) Test Results in cm Uses Measure of tensile properties Evaluate compatibility of blends Low temperature cracking potential Asphalt Physical Tests & History of Asphalt Grading Systems Asphalt Physical Tests & History of Asphalt Grading Systems

Russian Engineers Training March 2011 Asphalt Physical Tests & History of Asphalt Grading Systems Asphalt Physical Tests & History of Asphalt Grading Systems

Russian Engineers Training March 2011 Asphalt Physical Tests & History of Asphalt Grading Systems Asphalt Physical Tests & History of Asphalt Grading Systems

Russian Engineers Training March 2011 Specific Gravity Definition: Ratio of the mass of asphalt at a given temperature to the mass of an equal volume of water at the same temperature Test (ASTM D70) Pycnometer method Temperature specified (77°F or 60°F) Specific Gravity (60/60°F) means both asphalt and water are at 60°F Uses Specification compliance Mix design analysis Monetary compensation/transactions Asphalt Physical Tests & History of Asphalt Grading Systems Asphalt Physical Tests & History of Asphalt Grading Systems

Russian Engineers Training March 2011 Asphalt Physical Tests & History of Asphalt Grading Systems Asphalt Physical Tests & History of Asphalt Grading Systems

HISTORY OF ASPHALT GRADING SYSTEMS Russian Engineers Training March 2011 HISTORY OF ASPHALT GRADING SYSTEMS Asphalt Physical Tests & History of Asphalt Grading Systems Asphalt Physical Tests & History of Asphalt Grading Systems

Russian Engineers Training March 2011 Grading By Chewing Chewing - first mode of testing to determine asphalt hardness Initially used for natural asphalts such as Trinidad Lake asphalt Trinidad asphalt contains colloidal clay of volcanic origin Solubility in carbon disulfide used to determine the purity First sheet asphalt pavement using Trinidad asphalt - Pennsylvania Avenue, Washington, DC (1876) Asphalt Physical Tests & History of Asphalt Grading Systems Asphalt Physical Tests & History of Asphalt Grading Systems

Russian Engineers Training March 2011 Penetration Grading Bowen of Barber Asphalt Co. invented penetration test in 1888 Many modifications of No. 2 sewing needle (tip truncated) Specified load, time, and temperature ASTM Committee D-4 adopted penetration test (1903) Non-uniformity in application of penetration values by states Asphalt Physical Tests & History of Asphalt Grading Systems Asphalt Physical Tests & History of Asphalt Grading Systems

Penetration Grading (cont.) Russian Engineers Training March 2011 Penetration Grading (cont.) 1918 Bureau of Public Roads (now FHWA) developed penetration grades and recommended uses for northern and southern states 1931 AASHTO published specifications 1955 Thin film oven (TFO) test added Current: Five penetration grades specified 40 - 50 120 - 150 60 - 70 200 - 300 85 - 100 Asphalt Physical Tests & History of Asphalt Grading Systems Asphalt Physical Tests & History of Asphalt Grading Systems

Russian Engineers Training March 2011 ASTM D 946 Penetration Graded Asphalt Cements Penetration Grade 40-50 60-70 85-100 120-150 200-300 Min Max Penetration at 77oF (25oC), 100g, 5s 40 50 60 70 85 100 120 150 200 300 Flash Point, oF 450   425 350 Solubility in trichloroethylene, % 99 Retained penetration after TFO, % 55+ 52+ 47+ 42+ 37+ Ductility at 77oF (25oC), cm after TFO 75 Asphalt Physical Tests & History of Asphalt Grading Systems

Russian Engineers Training March 2011 Temperature Susceptibility of Asphalts Asphalt Physical Tests & History of Asphalt Grading Systems Asphalt Physical Tests & History of Asphalt Grading Systems

Russian Engineers Training March 2011 Penetration Grading Advantages Consistency at average service temperature Short testing time Adaptable to field applications (contamination) Relatively low equipment cost Asphalt Physical Tests & History of Asphalt Grading Systems Asphalt Physical Tests & History of Asphalt Grading Systems

Penetration Grading (Cont.) Russian Engineers Training March 2011 Penetration Grading (Cont.) Disadvantages Grade overlap (85-100 grade = AC-5, AC-10, or AC-20) Similitude at 77°F deceptive to performance at higher and lower service temperatures Rates of test (shear rate) high and variable No viscosity available near mixing and compaction temperatures Asphalt Physical Tests & History of Asphalt Grading Systems Asphalt Physical Tests & History of Asphalt Grading Systems

Russian Engineers Training March 2011 Viscosity Grading Developed due to construction and high temperature performance problems Fundamental rather than empirical units Approach similar to oils and liquid asphalts FHWA/Asphalt Institute (1963) Five grades established AC - 2.5 AC - 20 AC - 5 AC - 40 AC - 10 Included viscosity at 275 F (135 C) Two tables specified (Tables 1 and 2 of ASTM D3381) AC-30 developed by southeastern states Asphalt Physical Tests & History of Asphalt Grading Systems Asphalt Physical Tests & History of Asphalt Grading Systems

Russian Engineers Training March 2011 Asphalt Physical Tests & History of Asphalt Grading Systems Asphalt Physical Tests & History of Asphalt Grading Systems

Russian Engineers Training March 2011 ASTM D 3381 Viscosity Graded Asphalt Cements (Table 1) Viscosity Grade   AC-2.5 AC-5 AC-10 AC-20 AC-40 Viscosity, 140oF (60oC), P 250±50 500±100 1000±200 2000±400 4000±800 Viscosity, 275oF (135oC), cSt 80 110 150 210 300 Penetration at 77oF (25oC), 100g, 5s 200 120 70 40 20 Tests on TFO Residue 1250 2500 5000 10000 20000 Ductility at 77oF (25oC), cm after TFO 100 50 10 Asphalt Physical Tests & History of Asphalt Grading Systems

Russian Engineers Training March 2011 ASTM D 3381 Viscosity Graded Asphalt Cements (Table 2) Viscosity Grade   AC-2.5 AC-5 AC-10 AC-20 AC-30 AC-40 Viscosity, 140oF (60oC), P 250±50 500±100 1000±200 2000±400 3000±600 4000±800 Viscosity, 275oF (135oC), cSt 125 175 250 300 350 400 Penetration at 77oF (25oC), 100g, 5s 220 140 80 60 50 40 Tests on TFO Residue 1250 2500 5000 10000 15000 20000 Ductility at 77oF (25oC), cm after TFO 100 75 25 Asphalt Physical Tests & History of Asphalt Grading Systems

Russian Engineers Training March 2011 Viscosity Grading Advantages Suitability to wide range of environments - Pavement temperature from 77°F (25°C) to 140°F (60°C) Property fundamental - Independent of test system and sample size Viscosity available near construction temperatures Asphalt Physical Tests & History of Asphalt Grading Systems Asphalt Physical Tests & History of Asphalt Grading Systems

Viscosity Grading (Cont.) Russian Engineers Training March 2011 Viscosity Grading (Cont.) Disadvantages Still some grade overlap (AC-20 = 60-70 or 85-100 penetration grade) Grading at 140°F (60°C) deceptive to performance at average service temperatures TFOT residue viscosity can vary considerably within the same grade No safeguard against low temperature cracking Not suitable for modified asphalt binders Asphalt Physical Tests & History of Asphalt Grading Systems Asphalt Physical Tests & History of Asphalt Grading Systems

Aged Residue (AR) Grading Russian Engineers Training March 2011 Aged Residue (AR) Grading Developed in 1960s following viscosity grading Aimed at setting problem (tender mix) RTFO preferred over TFO Lead by California Dept. Of Highways Five grades established (Table 3 of ASTM D3391) AR - 1000 AR - 8000 AR - 2000 AR - 16000 AR - 4000 Minimum penetration at 77°F (25°C) and minimum viscosity at 275°F (135°C) for RTFO residue specified Asphalt Physical Tests & History of Asphalt Grading Systems Asphalt Physical Tests & History of Asphalt Grading Systems

Russian Engineers Training March 2011 ASTM D 3381 Viscosity Graded Asphalt Cements (Table 3 - Grading Based on RTFOT Residue) Viscosity Grade Tests on RTFOT Residue AR-1000 AR-2000 AR-4000 AR-8000 AR-16000 Viscosity, 140oF (60oC), P 1000±250 2000±500 4000±1000 8000±2000 16000±4000 Viscosity, 275oF (135oC), cSt 140 200 275 400 550 Penetration at 77oF (25oC), 100g, 5s 65 40 25 20 % of original penetration, min   45 50 52 Asphalt Physical Tests & History of Asphalt Grading Systems

Asphalt Residue (AR) Viscosity Grading Russian Engineers Training March 2011 Asphalt Residue (AR) Viscosity Grading Advantages Represents asphalt properties after mixing Property fundamental - Independent of test system Suitability to wide range of environments - Pavement temperature from 77°F (25°C) to 140°F (60°C) Asphalt Physical Tests & History of Asphalt Grading Systems Asphalt Physical Tests & History of Asphalt Grading Systems

Asphalt Residue (AR) Viscosity Grading (cont.) Russian Engineers Training March 2011 Asphalt Residue (AR) Viscosity Grading (cont.) Disadvantages Highly regional Requires more test temperatures Longer testing time (no consistency test on original asphalt) Asphalt Physical Tests & History of Asphalt Grading Systems Asphalt Physical Tests & History of Asphalt Grading Systems

Russian Engineers Training March 2011 Asphalt Physical Tests & History of Asphalt Grading Systems

Russian Engineers Training March 2011 1985 Asphalt Physical Tests & History of Asphalt Grading Systems Asphalt Physical Tests & History of Asphalt Grading Systems

Superpave Performance Graded (PG) Binder System Russian Engineers Training March 2011 Superpave Performance Graded (PG) Binder System Developed during the SHRP Research Program, 1987-1992 Aimed at addressing: Climatic effects from complete range of pavement service temperatures Construction Aging during construction and in-service Traffic speed Traffic volume Asphalt Physical Tests & History of Asphalt Grading Systems Asphalt Physical Tests & History of Asphalt Grading Systems

Russian Engineers Training March 2011 Asphalt Physical Tests & History of Asphalt Grading Systems Asphalt Physical Tests & History of Asphalt Grading Systems