11-6 Appendicular Musculature Muscles That Move the Arm Subscapularis and teres major Produce medial rotation at shoulder

Figure 11-15a Muscles That Move the Arm Deep Dissection Ribs (cut) Muscles That Move the Arm Subscapularis Coracobrachialis Teres major Biceps brachii, short head Biceps brachii, long head Vertebra T12 Anterior view 2

11-6 Appendicular Musculature Muscles That Move the Arm Infraspinatus and teres minor Produce lateral rotation at shoulder Coracobrachialis Attaches to scapula Produces flexion and adduction at shoulder

Figure 11-15b Muscles That Move the Arm Deep Dissection Muscles That Move the Arm Supraspinatus Infraspinatus Teres minor Teres major Triceps brachii, long head Triceps brachii, lateral head Posterior view 4

Figure 11-15a Muscles That Move the Arm Deep Dissection Ribs (cut) Muscles That Move the Arm Subscapularis Coracobrachialis Teres major Biceps brachii, short head Biceps brachii, long head Vertebra T12 Anterior view 5

11-6 Appendicular Musculature Muscles That Move the Arm Pectoralis major Between anterior chest and greater tubercle of humerus Produces flexion at shoulder joint Latissimus dorsi Between thoracic vertebrae and humerus Produces extension at shoulder joint

Figure 11-15a Muscles That Move the Arm Superficial Dissection Sternum Clavicle Muscles That Move the Arm Deltoid Pectoralis major Anterior view 7

Figure 11-15b Muscles That Move the Arm Superficial Dissection Vertebra T1 Muscles That Move the Arm Supraspinatus Deltoid Latissimus dorsi Thoracolumbar fascia Posterior view 8

11-6 Appendicular Musculature The Rotator Cuff Muscles involved in shoulder rotation Supraspinatus, subscapularis, infraspinatus, teres minor, and their tendons

Figure 11-15a Muscles That Move the Arm Deep Dissection Ribs (cut) Muscles That Move the Arm Subscapularis Coracobrachialis Teres major Biceps brachii, short head Biceps brachii, long head Vertebra T12 Anterior view 10

Figure 11-15b Muscles That Move the Arm Deep Dissection Muscles That Move the Arm Supraspinatus Infraspinatus Teres minor Teres major Triceps brachii, long head Triceps brachii, lateral head Posterior view 11

Table 11-12 Muscles That Move the Arm (Figures 11–13 to 11–15)

11-6 Appendicular Musculature A&P FLIX Rotator Cuff Muscles: An Overview (a) A&P FLIX Rotator Cuff Muscles: An Overview (b)

11-6 Appendicular Musculature Muscles That Move the Forearm and Hand Originate on humerus and insert on forearm Exceptions: The major flexor (biceps brachii) The major extensor (triceps brachii)

11-6 Appendicular Musculature Muscles That Move the Forearm and Hand Extensors Mainly on posterior and lateral surfaces of arm Flexors Mainly on anterior and medial surfaces

11-6 Appendicular Musculature Flexors of the Elbow Biceps brachii Flexes elbow Stabilizes shoulder joint Originates on scapula Inserts on radial tuberosity Brachialis and brachioradialis

Figure 11-16b Muscles That Move the Forearm and Hand Coracoid process of scapula Humerus Coracobrachialis Biceps brachii, short head Biceps brachii, long head Triceps brachii, long head Triceps brachii, medial head Brachialis Medial epicondyle of humerus Pronator teres Brachioradialis Flexor carpi radialis Palmaris longus Flexor carpi ulnaris Flexor digitorum superficialis Pronator quadratus Flexor retinaculum Anterior view, superficial layer 17

11-6 Appendicular Musculature Extensors of the Elbow Triceps brachii Extends elbow Originates on scapula Inserts on olecranon Anconeus Opposes brachialis

Figure 11-16a Muscles That Move the Forearm and Hand Triceps brachii, long head Triceps brachii, lateral head Brachioradialis Olecranon of ulna Anconeus Extensor carpi radialis longus Flexor carpi ulnaris Extensor carpi ulnaris Extensor carpi radialis brevis Extensor digitorum Abductor pollicis longus Extensor pollicis brevis Ulna Extensor retinaculum Posterior view, superficial layer 19

Table 11-13 Muscles That Move the Forearm and Hand (Figure 11–16) 20

11-6 Appendicular Musculature A&P FLIX Muscles of the Elbow Joint (a) A&P FLIX Muscles of the Elbow Joint (b) A&P FLIX Muscles of the Elbow Joint (c)

11-6 Appendicular Musculature Flexors of the Wrist Palmaris longus Superficial, flexes wrist Flexor carpi ulnaris Superficial, flexes wrist, adducts wrist Flexor carpi radialis Superficial, flexes wrist, abducts wrist

Figure 11-16b Muscles That Move the Forearm and Hand Coracoid process of scapula Humerus Coracobrachialis Biceps brachii, short head Biceps brachii, long head Triceps brachii, long head Triceps brachii, medial head Brachialis Medial epicondyle of humerus Pronator teres Brachioradialis Flexor carpi radialis Palmaris longus Flexor carpi ulnaris Flexor digitorum superficialis Pronator quadratus Flexor retinaculum Anterior view, superficial layer 23

11-6 Appendicular Musculature Extensors of the Wrist Extensor carpi radialis Superficial, extends wrist, abducts wrist Extensor carpi ulnaris Superficial, extends wrist, adducts wrist

Figure 11-16a Muscles That Move the Forearm and Hand Triceps brachii, long head Triceps brachii, lateral head Brachioradialis Olecranon of ulna Anconeus Extensor carpi radialis longus Flexor carpi ulnaris Extensor carpi ulnaris Extensor carpi radialis brevis Extensor digitorum Abductor pollicis longus Extensor pollicis brevis Ulna Extensor retinaculum Posterior view, superficial layer 25

Table 11-13 Muscles That Move the Forearm and Hand (Figure 11–16) 26

11-6 Appendicular Musculature Muscles That Move the Forearm and Hand Pronation and supination Pronator teres and supinator Originate on humerus and ulna Rotate radius Pronator quadratus Originates on ulna Assists pronator teres

11-6 Appendicular Musculature A&P FLIX Muscles of the Forearm (a) A&P FLIX Muscles of the Forearm (b) A&P FLIX Muscles of the Forearm (c)

Figure 11-16b Muscles That Move the Forearm and Hand Coracoid process of scapula Humerus Coracobrachialis Biceps brachii, short head Biceps brachii, long head Triceps brachii, long head Triceps brachii, medial head Brachialis Medial epicondyle of humerus Pronator teres Brachioradialis Flexor carpi radialis Palmaris longus Flexor carpi ulnaris Flexor digitorum superficialis Pronator quadratus Flexor retinaculum Anterior view, superficial layer 29

Figure 11-17b Muscles That Move the Hand and Fingers Brachialis Supinator Cut tendons of flexor digitorum superficialis Muscles That Flex the Fingers and Thumb Flexor pollicis longus Flexor digitorum profundus Pronator quadratus Anterior view, deepest layer 30

Figure 11-17d Muscles That Move the Hand and Fingers Anconeus Supinator Muscles That Move the Thumb Abductor pollicis longus Extensor pollicis longus Extensor indicis Extensor pollicis brevis Ulna Radius Tendon of extensor digiti minimi (cut) Tendon of extensor digitorum (cut) Posterior view, deepest layer 31

Table 11-13 Muscles That Move the Forearm and Hand (Figure 11–16) 32

11-6 Appendicular Musculature Muscles That Move the Hand and Fingers Also called extrinsic muscles of the hand Lie entirely within forearm Only tendons cross wrist (in synovial tendon sheaths)

Figure 11-17a Muscles That Move the Hand and Fingers Median nerve Tendon of biceps brachii Pronator teres (cut) Brachial artery Radius Flexor carpi ulnaris (retracted) Muscles That Flex the Fingers and Thumb Brachioradialis (retracted) Flexor digitorum superficialis Flexor pollicis longus Flexor digitorum profundus LATERAL MEDIAL Anterior view, middle layer 34

Figure 11-17b Muscles That Move the Hand and Fingers Brachialis Supinator Cut tendons of flexor digitorum superficialis Muscles That Flex the Fingers and Thumb Flexor pollicis longus Flexor digitorum profundus Pronator quadratus Anterior view, deepest layer 35

Figure 11-17c Muscles That Move the Hand and Fingers Anconeus Muscles That Extend the Fingers Extensor digitorum Extensor digiti minimi Abductor pollicis longus Extensor pollicis brevis Tendon of extensor pollicis longus MEDIAL LATERAL Posterior view, middle layer 36

Figure 11-17d Muscles That Move the Hand and Fingers Anconeus Supinator Muscles That Move the Thumb Abductor pollicis longus Extensor pollicis longus Extensor indicis Extensor pollicis brevis Ulna Radius Tendon of extensor digiti minimi (cut) Tendon of extensor digitorum (cut) Posterior view, deepest layer 37

11-6 Appendicular Musculature Tendon Sheaths Extensor retinaculum Wide band of connective tissue Posterior surface of wrist Stabilizes tendons of extensor muscles

11-6 Appendicular Musculature Tendon Sheaths Flexor retinaculum Anterior surface of wrist Stabilizes tendons of flexor muscles

Table 11-14 Muscles That Move the Hand and Fingers (Figure 11–17) 40

11-6 Appendicular Musculature The Intrinsic Muscles of the Hand Muscles that move the metacarpals and phalanges And originate and insert only on those bones

Table 11-15 Intrinsic Muscles of the Hand (Figure 11–18) 42

11-6 Appendicular Musculature Muscles of the Pelvis and Lower Limbs Pelvic girdle is tightly bound to axial skeleton Permits little movement Has few muscles

11-6 Appendicular Musculature Muscles That Position the Lower Limbs Three Groups Muscles that move the thigh Muscles that move the leg Muscles that move the foot and toes

11-6 Appendicular Musculature Muscles That Move the Thigh Gluteal muscles Lateral rotators Adductors Iliopsoas

11-6 Appendicular Musculature Gluteal Muscles Gluteus maximus Largest, most posterior gluteal muscle Produces extension and lateral rotation at hip Tensor fasciae latae Works with gluteus maximus Stabilizes iliotibial tract Gluteus medius and gluteus minimus Originate anterior to gluteus maximus Insert on trochanter

Figure 11-19a Muscles That Move the Thigh Iliac crest Sacrum Gluteal Group Gluteus medius (cut) Gluteus medius Gluteus maximus (cut) Gluteus maximus Gluteus minimus Gluteal region, posterior view 47

Figure 11-19b Muscles That Move the Thigh Gluteal Group Gluteus medius Gluteus maximus Sartorius Tensor fasciae latae Rectus femoris Iliotibial tract Vastus lateralis Biceps femoris, long head Biceps femoris, short head Semimembranosus Patella Plantaris Head of fibula Patellar ligament Lateral view 48

Table 11-16 Muscles That Move the Thigh (Figure 11–19) 49

11-6 Appendicular Musculature Lateral Rotators Group of six muscles, including the dominant: Piriformis Obturator

Figure 11-19c Muscles That Move the Thigh Gluteal Group Gluteus maximus (cut) Gluteus medius (cut) Gluteus minimus Tensor fasciae latae Lateral Rotator Group Piriformis Superior gemellus Obturator internus Inferior gemellus Quadratus femoris Ischial tuberosity Iliotibial tract Posterior view, deep muscles 51

Table 11-16 Muscles That Move the Thigh (Figure 11–19) 52

11-6 Appendicular Musculature Adductors Adductor magnus Produces adduction, extension, and flexion Adductor brevis Hip flexion and adduction Adductor longus

11-6 Appendicular Musculature Adductors Pectineus Hip flexion and adduction Gracilis

Figure 11-19d Muscles That Move the Thigh Iliopsoas Group Psoas major Iliacus L5 Lateral Rotator Group Inguinal ligament Piriformis Adductor Group Obturator internus Obturator externus Pectineus Adductor brevis Adductor longus Adductor magnus Gracilis Anterior view of the iliopsoas muscle and the adductor group 55

Table 11-16 Muscles That Move the Thigh (Figure 11–19) 56

11-6 Appendicular Musculature Iliopsoas Two hip flexors insert on the same tendon Psoas major Iliacus

Figure 11-19d Muscles That Move the Thigh Iliopsoas Group Psoas major Iliacus L5 Lateral Rotator Group Inguinal ligament Piriformis Adductor Group Obturator internus Obturator externus Pectineus Adductor brevis Adductor longus Adductor magnus Gracilis Anterior view of the iliopsoas muscle and the adductor group 58

Table 11-16 Muscles That Move the Thigh (Figure 11–19) 59

11-6 Appendicular Musculature A&P FLIX Muscles that Act on the Hip Joint and Femur: An Overview A&P FLIX Anterior Muscles that Cross the Hip Joint A&P FLIX Medial Muscles that Cross the Hip Joint A&P FLIX Posterior Muscles that Cross the Hip Joint

11-6 Appendicular Musculature Muscles That Move the Leg Flexors of the knee Originate on the pelvic girdle Extensors of the knee Originate on the femoral surface Insert on the patella

11-6 Appendicular Musculature Flexors of the Knee Hamstrings Biceps femoris Semimembranosus Semitendinosus Sartorius Originates superior to the acetabulum

Figure 11-20a Muscles That Move the Leg Iliac crest Gluteus medius Tensor fasciae latae Gluteus maximus Adductor magnus Gracilis Iliotibial tract Flexors of the Knee Biceps femoris, long head Biceps femoris, short head Semitendinosus Semimembranosus Sartorius Popliteus Hip and thigh, posterior view 63

11-6 Appendicular Musculature Extensors of the Knee Four muscles of the quadriceps femoris Three vastus muscles Rectus femoris muscle

Figure 11-20b Muscles That Move the Leg Anterior superior iliac spine Inguinal ligament Gluteus medius Iliacus Psoas major Iliopsoas Pubic tubercle Tensor fasciae latae Pectineus Adductor longus Gracilis Sartorius Extensors of the Knee (Quadriceps muscles) Iliotibial tract Rectus femoris Vastus lateralis Vastus medialis Quadriceps tendon Patella Patellar ligament Quadriceps and thigh muscles, anterior view 65

Table 11-17 Muscles That Move the Leg (Figure 11–20) 66

Figure 11-20c Muscles That Move the Leg POSTERIOR Flexors of the Knee Sciatic nerve Semitendinosus Femur Semimembranosus Biceps femoris, long head Extensors of the Knee (Quadriceps muscles) Biceps femoris, short head Gracilis Vastus lateralis Adductor magnus Vastus intermedius Sartorius Adductor longus Vastus medialis Rectus femoris ANTERIOR Sectional view 67

11-6 Appendicular Musculature A&P FLIX Muscles that Cross the Knee Joint: An Overview A&P FLIX Anterior Extensors that Act on the Knee A&P FLIX Posterior Flexors that Act on the Knee

11-6 Appendicular Musculature Muscles That Move the Foot and Toes Extrinsic muscles that move the foot and toes include: Muscles that produce extension at the ankle Muscles that produce flexion at the ankle Muscles that produce extension at the toes Muscles that produce flexion at the toes

11-6 Appendicular Musculature Four Muscles That Produce Extension (Plantar Flexion) at the Ankle Gastrocnemius Soleus Fibularis (group) Tibialis posterior

Figure 11-21a Extrinsic Muscles That Move the Foot and Toes Superficial Dissection Ankle Extensors Plantaris Gastrocnemius, medial head Gastrocnemius, lateral head Popliteus Soleus Gastrocnemius (cut and removed) Calcaneal tendon Calcaneus Posterior views 71

Figure 11-21a Extrinsic Muscles That Move the Foot and Toes Deep Dissection Head of fibula Ankle Extensors (Deep) Tibialis posterior Fibularis longus Fibularis brevis Digital Flexors Flexor digitorum longus Flexor hallucis longus Tendon of flexor hallucis longus Tendon of flexor digitorum longus Tendon of fibularis brevis Tendon of fibularis longus Posterior views 72

11-6 Appendicular Musculature Muscles That Move the Foot and Toes The Achilles Tendon The calcaneal tendon (Achilles tendon) Shared by the gastrocnemius and soleus

11-6 Appendicular Musculature Muscles That Produce Flexion (Dorsiflexion) at the Ankle Tibialis anterior Opposes the gastrocnemius

11-6 Appendicular Musculature Muscles That Produce Extension at the Toes Extensor digitorum longus Extensor hallucis longus Extensor retinacula fibrous sheaths Hold tendons of toes as they cross the ankle

Figure 11-21b Extrinsic Muscles That Move the Foot and Toes Iliotibial tract Head of fibula Ankle Extensors Gastrocnemius, lateral head Ankle Flexors Tibialis anterior Fibularis longus Soleus Fibularis brevis Digital Extensors Extensor digitorum longus Superior extensor retinaculum Tendon of extensor hallucis longus Calcaneal tendon Inferior extensor retinaculum Lateral view 76

Figure 11-21c Extrinsic Muscles That Move the Foot and Toes Patella Medial surface of tibial shaft Patellar ligament Ankle Flexors Ankle Extensors Tibialis anterior Gastrocnemius, medial head Soleus Tibialis posterior Superior extensor retinaculum Digital Extensors Tendon of extensor hallucis longus Calcaneal tendon Flexor retinaculum Tendon of tibialis anterior Inferior extensor retinaculum Medial view 77

11-6 Appendicular Musculature Muscles That Produce Flexion at the Toes Flexor digitorum longus Flexor hallucis longus Oppose the extensors

Figure 11-21a Extrinsic Muscles That Move the Foot and Toes Deep Dissection Head of fibula Ankle Extensors (Deep) Tibialis posterior Fibularis longus Fibularis brevis Digital Flexors Flexor digitorum longus Flexor hallucis longus Tendon of flexor hallucis longus Tendon of flexor digitorum longus Tendon of fibularis brevis Tendon of fibularis longus Posterior views 79

Table 11-18 Extrinsic Muscles That Move the Foot and Toes (Figure 11–21) 80

Table 11-18 Extrinsic Muscles That Move the Foot and Toes (Figure 11–21) 81