Chapter 12 Appendicular Muscles

Fig. 12.1 brachi = arm Superficial Deep Trapezius Deltoid (cut) Subclavius Subscapularis Deltoid Pectoralis minor Pectoralis major Teres major Serratus anterior Latissimus dorsi Latissimus dorsi Long head Biceps brachii Short head Long head Biceps brachii Short head Coracobrachialis brachi = arm Anterior view

Fig. 12.2 Superficial Deep Trapezius Levator scapulae Rhomboid minor Supraspinatus Deltoid Infraspinatus Teres minor Rhomboid major Teres minor Teres major Teres major Serratus anterior Latissimus dorsi Serratus posterior inferior External oblique Posterior view

Fig. 12.3 Deep Protractors Pectoralis minor Serratus anterior Anterior view Retracted scapulae (“good posture”) Protracted scapulae (“poor posture”) (a) Retraction and protraction of scapula Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Fig. 12.3 Superficial Deep Rhomboid minor Trapezius Retractors Rhomboids Rhomboid major Retracted scapulae (“good posture”) (a) Retraction and protraction of scapula Posterior view

Clavicle stabilizer Subclavius strengthens and stabilizes clavicle Superficial Deep Subclavius strengthens and stabilizes clavicle Subclavius

Fig. 12.3 Superficial Deep Elevators Rhomboid major Rhomboid minor Levator scapulae Trapezius (superior part) Levator scapulae Trapezius Rhomboid minor Rhomboid major (b) Elevation and depression of scapula

Fig. 12.3 Depressors Deep Superficial Trapezius (inferior part) Pectoralis minor Trapezius Pectoralis minor (b) Elevation and depression of scapula

Fig. 12.3 Deep Superficial Anterior Posterior Trapezius Serratus anterior Superior rotators Serratus anterior Trapezius (superior part) (c) Superior and inferior rotation of scapula

Fig. 12.3 Deep Levator scapulae Rhomboid minor Rhomboid major Inferior rotators Rhomboid major Rhomboid minor Levator scapulae (c) Superior and inferior rotation of scapula

Fig. 12.4a Deltoid Pectoralis major Biceps brachii, long head Serratus anterior Pectoralis minor Superficial Deep Sternocleidomastoid Subclavius Coracobrachialis Subscapularis

Fig. 12.4b Superficial Deep Trapezius Rhomboid minor Deltoid Rhomboid major Latissimus dorsi Levator scapulae Supraspinatus Infraspinatus Teres minor Teres major

Fig. 12.5 Rotator Cuff Clavicle Acromion Supraspinatus Supraspinatus Coracoid process Infraspinatus Subscapularis Teres minor Humerus (a) Anterior view (b) Posterior view

Fig. 12.5 Lateral Rotation Arm Flexion Medial Rotation Subscapularis Infraspinatus and teres minor Supraspinatus Infraspinatus and teres minor Subscapularis (c) Movement of rotator cuff muscles (left): © Elsa/Getty Images; (middle): © Brita Meng Outzen/AP Photo; (right): © Mike Fiala/Getty Images

Fig. 12.6 Anterior Biceps brachii View of cross section Posterior upper limb muscles are extensors. Brachialis Lateral Medial Humerus Anterior upper limb muscles are flexors. Medial head Triceps brachii Lateral head Long head Posterior 15

Fig. 12.7 Deltoid Pectoralis major Coracobrachialis Biceps brachii, long head short head Triceps brachii Brachialis Brachioradialis Bicipital aponeurosis (a) Anterior view Fig. 12.7 16

Fig. 12.7 Superficial Deep Coracoid process Coracobrachialis Biceps brachii, long head short head Brachialis Biceps brachii tendon Radial tuberosity Coronoid process of ulna (b) Anterior muscles Fig. 12.7 17

Fig. 12.9 Medial epicondyle Medial epicondyle Lateral epicondyle Supinator Supinator Pronator teres Pronator teres Interosseous membrane Interosseous membrane Pronator quadratus Pronator quadratus Supination Pronation 18

Fig. 12.11 (a) Right anterior forearm, superficial view Medial epicondyle Common flexor tendon Pronator teres Flexor carpi ulnaris Brachioradialis Palmaris longus Flexor carpi radialis Flexor retinaculum Palmar aponeurosis 19

Fig. 12.11 (c) Right anterior forearm, deep view (b) Right anterior forearm, intermediate view Supinator Radius Ulna Flexor digitorum superficialis Flexor digitorum profundus Flexor pollicis longus Pronator quadratus Flexor digitorum profundus tendons Flexor digitorum superficialis tendons Flexor digitorum profundus tendons 20

Page 368 Flexor pollicis longus tendon Palmaris longus tendon (cut) Median nerve Flexor carpi radialis tendon Trapezium Flexor digitorum superficialis tendon Flexor digitorum profundus tendon Common flexor synovial sheath Flexor retinaculum covering carpal tunnel Carpal tunnel, anterior view Flexor pollicis longus tendon 21

Page 368 Anterior Palmaris longus tendon Median nerve Flexor retinaculum covering carpal tunnel Ulnar artery Ulnar nerve Flexor digitorum superficialis tendons Carpal tunnel profundus tendons Trapezium Trapezoid Hamate Capitate Posterior Carpal tunnel, transverse section Flexor pollicis longus tendon Common flexor synovial sheath Flexor carpi radialis tendon View of cross section 22

Fig. 12.13 Brachioradialis Extensor carpi radialis longus radialis brevis Extensor digitorum Abductor pollicis longus Extensor pollicis brevis Anconeus Flexor carpi ulnaris Extensor carpi ulnaris Extensor digiti minimi Extensor retinaculum tendons Fig. 12.13 23

Fig. 12.13 Olecranon process of ulna Supinator Abductor pollicis longus Extensor pollicis brevis (b) Right posterior forearm, deep view Olecranon process of ulna Extensor pollicis longus Extenso indicis Dorsal interossei Fig. 12.13 24

Fig. 12.14 Tendon sheath First dorsal Flexor digitorum interosseous profundus tendon superficialis tendon First dorsal interosseous Lumbricals Flexor digiti minimi brevis Abductor digiti minimi Flexor retinaculum Flexor pollicis longus tendon Adductor pollicis brevis Abductor pollicis brevis Palmaris longus tendon (cut) (a) Right hand, superficial palmar view 25

Fig. 12.14 Palmar interossei Transverse head Adductor pollicis Oblique Opponens digiti minimi Flexor retinaculum (cut) Opponens pollicis Carpal tunnel Flexor carpi radialis tendon Flexor carpi ulnaris tendon Abductor pollicis longus tendon (b) Right hand, deep palmar view 26

Fig. 12.14 2nd dorsal interosseous Extensor 3rd dorsal Indicis tendon (c) Right hand, posterior view 2nd dorsal interosseous Extensor Indicis tendon First dorsal Extensor pollicis longus tendon brevis tendon 3rd dorsal 4th dorsal Extensor digiti minimi tendon Abductor digiti minimi Extensor digitorum tendons Extensor retinaculum 27

Fig. 12.15a Psoas minor Iliac crest Psoas major Gluteus medius Iliacus Tensor fasciae latae Sartorius Gluteus maximus Iliopsoas Rectus femoris Pectineus Adductor longus Adductor brevis Vastus lateralis Gracilis Iliotibial tract Biceps femoris, long head Adductor magnus Semimembranosus Patella Biceps femoris, short head Gastrocnemius (a) Right thigh, anterior view (b) Right thigh, lateral view

Fig. 12.15b Iliac crest Sacrum Gluteus medius (cut) Gluteus maximus (cut) Gluteus minimus Piriformis Gluteus medius (cut) Superior gemellus Obturator internus Gluteus maximus (cut) Sacrotuberous ligament Inferior gemellus Ischial tuberosity Quadratus femoris Gracilis Biceps femoris, long head Adductor magnus Semitendinosus Iliotibial tract

Anterior thigh muscles Fig. 12.16 View of cross section Anterior Vastus lateralis Anterior thigh muscles flex the hip and/or extend the leg/knee. Rectus femoris Lateral thigh and some gluteal muscles abduct the thigh. Vastus medialis Sartorius Vastus intermedius Femur Femur Lateral Medial Adductor longus Iliotibial tract Adductor brevis Biceps femoris, short head Gracilis Adductor magnus Biceps femoris, long head Posterior thigh muscles extend the thigh and/or flex the leg/knee. Semitendinosus Medial thigh muscles adduct the thigh. Semimembranosus Posterior

Fig. 12.17 Iliacus Iliopsoas Psoas major Tensor fasciae latae Pectineus Adductor longus Iliotibial tract Gracilis Sartorius Rectus femoris Vastus lateralis Vastus medialis Quadriceps tendon Patella Patellar ligament (a) Right thigh, anterior view

(b) Anterior thigh muscles Fig. 12.17 Greater trochanter Vastus intermedius Rectus femoris Vastus lateralis Vastus medialis Sartorius Patella Patellar ligament

Iliac crest Gluteus medius Gluteus maximus Adductor magnus Gracilis Iliotibial tract Hamstrings Semitendinosus Biceps femoris, long head short head (a) Right thigh, posterior view Fig. 12.18

Fig. 12.18 (b) Thigh extensors Ischial tuberosity Linea aspera Adductor magnus Semitendinosus Semimembranosus Biceps femoris, long head Biceps femoris, short head Head of fibula

Flexor hallucis longus Fig. 12.19 Anterior Tibialis anterior Extensor digitorum longus Tibia Posterior leg muscles flex the leg, plantar flex the foot, and/or flex the toes. Anterior leg muscles dorsiflex the foot and/or extend the toes. Extensor hallucis longus Fibula Tibialis posterior Fibularis longus View of cross section Flexor digitorum longus Flexor hallucis longus Fibularis brevis Lateral Medial Soleus Plantaris tendon Lateral leg muscles plantar flex and evert the foot. Gastrocnemius (medial head) Gastrocnemius (lateral head) Posterior

Extensor digitorum longus Fig. 12.20 (a) Right leg, anterior view Fibularis longus Gastrocnemius Tibia Tibialis anterior Fibularis brevis Extensor digitorum longus Extensor hallucis longus Extensor retinaculum Extensor hallucis longus tendon Fibularis tertius tendon Extensor digitorum longus tendons Extensor digitorum brevis Extensor hallucis brevis

(b) Anterior leg muscles Fig. 12.20 (b) Anterior leg muscles Tibialis anterior Extensor digitorum longus Extensor hallucis longus Fibularis tertius Fibularis tertius tendon

(a) Right leg, lateral view Fig. 12.21 Patella (a) Right leg, lateral view Head of fibula Gastrocnemius Tibialis anterior Soleus Fibularis longus Extensor digitorum longus Fibularis brevis Extensor hallucis longus Extensor retinaculum Fibularis tertius Extensor hallucis brevis Calcaneal tendon Extensor hallucis longus tendon Extensor digitorum brevis Extensor digitorum longus tendons Fibular retinaculum Fibularis tertius tendon 5th metatarsal

Fibularis longus tendon (b) Lateral leg muscles Fibularis brevis 5th metatarsal Fibularis longus tendon (b) Lateral leg muscles Fig. 12.21

Fig. 12.22 Plantaris Lateral head Gastrocnemius Medial head Soleus Flexor hallucis longus tendon Calcaneal tendon Flexor retinaculum Fibular retinaculum Medial malleolus Lateral malleolus Calcaneus (a) Right leg, superficial posterior view

Fig. 12.22 Plantaris (cut) Gastrocnemius (cut) Popliteus Tibialis posterior Fibularis longus Flexor digitorum longus Flexor hallucis longus Fibularis brevis Calcaneal tendon (cut) (b) Deep posterior view

(c) Deep posterior leg muscles Distal phalanx of hallux Flexor hallucis longus Fibula Popliteus Tibia Tibialis posterior digitorum Interosseous membrane phalanges of toes 2–5 Tarsal and metatarsal bones Fig. 12.22 (c) Deep posterior leg muscles

Fig. 12.23 Adductor hallucis Lumbricals Flexor hallucis brevis Flexor digiti minimi brevis Tendon of flexor hallucis longus Flexor digitorum brevis Tendons of flexor digitorum longus Abductor hallucis Quadratus plantae Abductor digiti minimi Abductor digiti minimi (cut) Abductor hallucis (cut) Calcaneus (a) Layer 1 (superficial) (b) Layer 2 (deep) (c) Layer 3 (deeper)

(d) Layer 4 (deepest), plantar view Plantar interossei Fig. 12.23 (d) Layer 4 (deepest), plantar view Plantar interossei Dorsal interossei (e) Layer 4 (deepest), dorsal view