Chapter 26 Biomolecules: Amino Acids, Peptides, and Proteins Amino Acid Peptide 2~50 Protein 50.

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Presentation transcript:

Chapter 26 Biomolecules: Amino Acids, Peptides, and Proteins Amino Acid Peptide 2~50 Protein 50

26.1 Structures of Amino Acids Internal salts amphoteric Large dipolar moments Soluble in water but insoluble in hydrocarbons High melting points

Amphoteric

chirality Neutral Acidic basic 丙氨酸丝氨酸

Aspartic acid 天冬氨酸 Glutamic acid 谷氨酸 Cysteine 半胱氨酸 Serine 丝氨酸 Tyrosine 酪氨酸 Lysine 赖氨酸 Arginine 精氨酸 Histidine 组氨酸

天冬氨酸赖氨酸

26.3 Synthesis of Amino Acids 亮氨酸 1. Hell-Volhard-Zelinskii reaction

The Amidomalonate Synthesis Serine ( 丝氨酸）

Gabriel amine Synthesis

蛋氨酸谷氨酸

Reductive Amination of  -Keto Acids: Biosynthesis Strecker Synthesis

Alanine 丙氨酸 Serine 苏氨酸

26.6 Covalent Bonding in Peptides

Mild oxidation

26.7 Structure Determination of Peptides: Amino Acid Analysis What amino acids are present? How much of each is present? In what sequence do the amino acids occur in the peptide chain? The answers to the first two questions are provided by an instrument called an amino acid analyzer Chromatography column

茚三酮水合物

26.9 Peptide Sequencing: C-Terminal Residue Determination

26.10 Peptide Synthesis

氨基的保护氯代甲酸苯甲酯 Cbz or Z

羧基的保护酯甲酯 / 乙酯 / 苄酯

亮氨酸

26.11 Automated Peptide Synthesis: The Merrifield Solid-Phase Technique

26.12 Protein Classification Simple proteins: such as blood serum albumin, amino acids Conjugated proteins: amino acids, carbohydrates, fats, nucleic acids Fibrous proteins: collagen ( 胶原质）, keratin （角蛋白） tendons, hooves, horn, muscles Globular

The primary structure of a protein is simply the amino acid sequence. The secondary structure of a protein describes how segments of the peptide backbone orient into a regular pattern. The tertiary structure describes how the entire protein molecule coils into an overall three-dimensional shape. The quaternary structure describes how different protein molecules Come together to yield large aggregate structures.

Fibroin （蚕丝蛋白） The  -pleated-sheet structure in silk fibroin

Myoglobin ( 肌血球素）

胆固醇

27.3 Phospholipids

27.5 Terpenoids

单萜 10C 2 个异戊二烯倍半萜 15C 3 二萜 20C 4 三萜 30C 5

27.6 Biosynthesis of Terpenoids

27.7 Steroids

27.8 Stereochemistry of Steroids