Culture Clash on the Prairie Chapter 5 Section 1 Guided Reading Q&A

Great Plains Grassland extending through the west-central portion of the United States. 1. Colorado 2. Kansas 3. Montana 4. Nebraska 5. New Mexico 6. North Dakota 7. Oklahoma 8. South Dakota 9. Texas 10. Wyoming

Treaty of Fort Laramie The Sioux “agreed” to live on a reservation along the Missouri River, (Sitting Bull never signed this). Sioux Tribe

Lasting Impact of the reservation system= fewer opportunities When you have less opportunities…. 1. Less jobs=higher poverty rate 2. Higher suicide rate 3. Alcoholism 4. Drug Use 5. Drop out of school 6. Unemployed

Sitting Bull Hunkpapa Lakota holy man who led his people as a tribal chief during years of resistance to United States government policies. He was killed by Indian Agency Police on the Standing Rock Indian Reservation during an attempt to arrest him, at a time when authorities feared that he would join the Ghost Dance movement.

Ghost Dance Movement: A Native American intertribal religious movement According to the teachings of spiritual leaders, proper practice of the dance would… 1. Reunite the living with spirits of the dead 2. Bring the spirits of the dead to fight on their behalf 3. Make the white colonists leave, and bring peace, prosperity, and unity to native peoples throughout the region. Ghost Dance Back Story

George A. Custer United States Army officer and cavalry commander in the American Civil War. After the Civil War, Custer was dispatched to the west to fight in the American Indian Wars . He and all his men were killed at the Battle of the Little Bighorn in 1876 fighting against a coalition of Native American tribes. The battle is popularly known in American history as "Custer's Last Stand." Custer and his men were defeated so decisively at the Little Bighorn that it has overshadowed all of his prior achievements.

Assimilation A plan under which Native Americans would give up their beliefs and way of life to become apart of “white culture.”

Dawes Act (1887) Congress passed this act aiming to “Americanize” Native Americans. The act broke up the reservations and gave some of the reservation land to individual Native Americans-160 acres to each head of household and 80 acres to each unmarried adult.

Dawes Act The government would sell the remainder of the reservations to settlers, and the resulting income would be used by Native Americans to buy farming tools. By 1932, whites has taken about 2/3 of the territory that had been set aside for Native Americans. In the end, NA’s received no money for the sale of these lands.

“Battle” of Wounded Knee On December 28th 1890, The 7th Calvary (Custer's old regiment) rounded up about 350 starving and freezing Sioux and took them to a camp at Wounded Knee Creek in South Dakota. The next day, the soldiers demanded Native Americans to give up their weapons… Shortly after a shot was fired, though it is not clear from which side it came…

Wounded Knee Massacre U.S. soldiers then opened cannon fire Within minutes, the 7th Calvary slaughtered as many as 300 unarmed Native American men, women, and children. Soldiers left the dead bodies to freeze on the ground…

Texas Longhorn History of the Longhorn Sturdy, short tempered breeds, accustomed to the dry grasslands of Southern Spain.

Chrisholm Trail Major cattle route from San Antonio, Texas through Oklahoma to Kansas. Used in the post-Civil War era to drive cattle overland, from ranches in Texas to Kansas railheads (furthest point of the railroad).

Long Drive Overland transport of animals that lasted about three months. Between 1866 and 1886, 20 million cattle were herded from Texas to railheads in Kansas, for shipments to stockyards in Chicago and points east. The long distances covered, the need for periodic rests by riders and animals, and the establishment of railheads led to the development of "cow towns" across the frontier.

1. Why do you think the assimilation policy of the Dawes Act failed? Native American resisted because they wanted to hold onto their native culture.

2. What economic opportunities drew large numbers of people to the Great Plains beginning in the mid 1800’s? Lure of silver and gold “Prospect of striking it rich” The discovery of Gold in Colorado in 1858 drew tens of thousand to the region

3. Identify the reasons for the rise and fall of the cattle industry. Plentiful herds of Western Cattle Railroads reach the Great Plains Demand for beef sky rocketed after the Civil War due to rising city populations in the east Fall 1. Overgrazing of the land 2. Extended bad weather, dry summers and harsh winters wiped out full herds 3. Invention of the barbed wire=ranchers focus on smaller herds

Culture of the Plains Indians Buffalo and the Horse Family Life Beliefs Buffalo Uses: Skull considered sacred Horns turned into bowls and spoons Bones turned into tools and weapons Hide for clothing and tepees Horses: Native American master horse-riding and taming. Travel further and hunt more efficiently. 1. Lived in small extended family groups 2. Young men trained to become hunters and warriors 3. Women helped butcher the game and prepared hides 4. Women sometimes chose their own husbands 1. Believed powerful spirits control events in the natural world 2. Men and women who “showed particular sensitivity to the spirits became medicine men or women 3. Children learned proper behavior and culture through stories and myths. 4. Communal Living 5. Tribal leader ruled by counsel, not force 6. Land was held in common for the use of the whole tribe.