Japanese Electricity Market M. Hossein Javidi Iran Electricity Market Regulatory Organization & Administrative Department for Electricity Market Regulatory Board

در كشور ژاپن در سال 1925 و قبل از جنگ جهاني دوم تعداد 738 شركت برق وجود داشت. در سال 1939 تجهيزات توليد و انتقال با ظرفيتهاي بيشتر از حد مشخصي در شركت دولتي توليد و انتقال برق ژاپن ( Japan Electrical Generation and Transmission Co. ) ملحق شدند و درطول دوران جنگ بقيه شركتهاي باقيمانده بداخل اين شركت و نه (9) شركت توزيع برق ملحق گرديدند.

بعد از پايان جنگ جهاني دوم و در سال 1951، ژاپن به 9 ايالت (بعدا" به 10 ايالت افزايش يافت) تقسيم شد و يك سيستم ادغام شده شامل توليد، انتقال و توزيع در هر ناحيه تأسيس گرديد كه توسط شركتهاي خصوصي مورد بهره برداري قرار گرفت. در بازار امروز اين 10 شركت بهمراه عمده فروشان برق و اعضاء جديد بدنه اصلي بازار برق ژاپن را تشكيل مي دهند.

In Japan there are 10 private electric utilities, all vertically-integrated (from generation to retail supply). They are all regional monopolies, with their own franchise areas. Between generators, inter utility trade is carried out to ensure security of supply.

The Electric Power Development Co Ltd(EPDC) The Japan Atomic Power Company (JAPC) The Joint-Venture Power Utilities. There are three wholesale suppliers of power

DEMAND  Japanese electricity demand has shown a steady increase from 1965 to 1998, with a 5.3 percent average annual growth (EDMC/IEEJ 2000).

ELECTRICITY SECTOR RESTRUCTURING Deregulation of the electricity sector began in The Electricity Utilities Industry Law, the main legislation covering the electricity industry, was amended as a result of a number of pressures, including: 1) The global energy sector reform trend 2) The comparatively high electricity tariffs in Japan 3) The deteriorating load factor (due to a sharp increase in demand in the summer).

1995 Amendment to the Electric Utility Industry Law (EUIL), April 21, 1995  در بخش توليد برق، به منظور داخل نمودن توليد كنندگان جديد، پيش نياز صدور مجوز براي توليد كننده هاي مستقل (IPP) که براي مصارف خودشان برق توليد مي نمايند، حذف گرديد.  مشتركيني كه برق مورد نياز خود را توليد مي كنند، درحال حاضر اجازه دارند كه برق توليدي خود را از طريق خطوط انتقال شركتها به محل ديگري منتقل نمايند.  سيستم جديدي در بخش خرده فروشي برق تشكيل گرديد كه توليد بوسيله Co-generation ونيز خرده فروشي برق راممكن ساخت.

Outline of Regulatory Reform in Japan

 Japanese Electric Utilities have been generation private companies for more than 50 years;  no generation privatization except for EPDC  deregulation-utilities favor  liberalization - new entrants favor  market restructuring - more neutrally Outline of Regulatory Reform in Japan

Electricity  1995 Amendment to the Electric Utility Industry Law (EUIL), April 21,  1999 Amendment to the EUIL, became effective on March 21, 2000.

Gas and Oil  1999 Amendment to the Gas Utility Industry Law (GUIL), Nov 1999, increase competition between gas and electric utilities  2001 Abolishment of the Special Law for Supply Security of Oil, April, 2001, would brought complete free competition of oil market

1999 Amendment to the EUIL, lunched on March 21, 2000  Partially liberalized the retail supply segment, permitting large-scale consumers to choose their own electricity supplier for: Those with demand of more than 2 megawatts and at the level of 20 kilovolts or higher.

 Made the vertically integrated power companies to establish separate accounting systems for their generation and transmission operations  promotes competition by permitting supplying other region 1999 Amendment to the EUIL, became effective on March 21, 2000

1995 Amendment Accelerated the competition among IPPs  Electricity rates in 1996 were nearly 6.3 percent lower than the 1989 base rate.  In 1998, the average rate paid by residential customers decreased by 4.5 percent over the previous year, while that paid by commercial and industrial customers declined by 5.1 percent

Existing electric industries accelerate to reduce their investment and debt assets Feb 2001 : TEPCO announce to halt their investment on new plants for 3 to 5 years, and with cut their annual investment as below 1000 billion yen in 2001, first time since 1979

Series of halt of new power plants and reduced annual investment  Mar 2001 : Kansai Power Co. reduced annual investment by 10%, and delayed 3 new plants, stop 10 plants, and close 3 plants  Mar 2001 : Chubu Power Co. reduced annual investment by 13%, and delayed and halt 5 plants  Mar 2001 : Tohoku Power Co. reduced annual investment by 15%  Mar 2001 : Hokuriku Power Co. reduced annual investment by 24%, and halt Takakura pumping dam (Hokuriku Power)

Series of halt of new power plants and reduced annual investment  Mar 2001 : Shikoku Power Co. reduced annual investment by 20%,  Mar 2001 : Kyushu Power Co. reduced annual investment by 8.4%, and halt 2 coal coal power plants  Aug 2001 : Niigata pumping dam (EPDC)  However, only nuclear exempted from generation suspending

Rapid increase of distributed generation power supply companies in the field of regulated market:  16 companies set up, consisting: 1. Independent : 7 2. Oil company : 1 3. Gas company : 1 4. Electric utilities : 7  Anyway, electricity market is starting to change

Competitive Industry A view from:

 limited availability of and access to inputs for power generation, including fuel, land, and generating assets;  lack of access to excess generation capacity;  transmission access issues, including pricing for transmission service that may render retail supply by new market entrants uncompetitive;  limited potential access to the power pool operated by the vertically integrated electric utilities in Japan; A View from Competitive Industry

 lack of unbundling of the vertically integrated electric utilities;  lack of an independent regulator;  lack of an independent system operator; environmental requirements (especially at the prefecture and municipal levels) that delay power plant development and result in high construction costs; and  local certification requirements for power generating equipment that are based on safety rather than on performance standards, and that differ from international norms. A View from Competitive Industry

 Tax reform both reviewing existing tax and introducing environmental tax;  stranded cost, which might largely come from nuclear assets;  introducing promotion mechanism for renewable and distributed energy system, which would compatible with new electricity market;  introducing promotion mechanism for energy efficiency, which would compatible with new electricity market  Lack of open and democratic policy process, which has long been dominated by the bureaucracy (METI); Remaining Issues toward Sustainable Energy System