WATER

TAP WATER WATER THAT COMES FROM THE MAIN SUPPLY OF THE LOCAL WATER SYSTEM HUDSON GETS ITS TAP WATER FROM DIFFERENT WATER DEPARTMENTS IN CITIES SUCH AS AKRON, CLEVELAND, STOW

WELL WATER UNDERGROUND WATER HELD IN THE SOIL. A HOLE IS DUG OR DRILLED, AND THE WATER IS DRAWN BY A PUMP TO GET THE WATER TO THE SURFACE

DISTILLED WATER WATER THAT IS PURIFIED BY BOILING THE WATER, AND AS THE WATER IS BOILED IT TURNS TO STEAM THE PROCESS OF BOILING THE WATER AND CONDENSING THE STEAM CAUSES THE WATER TO LEAVE BEHIND ITS CONTAMINANTS, OR “DISSOLVED SOLIDS.”

SPRING WATER WATER OBTAINED FROM AN UNDERGROUND SOURCE THAT FLOWS NATURALLY TO EARTH’S SURFACE THROUGH A SPRING

SURFACE WATER AND GROUNDWATER Surface water – Rivers, lakes, streams, ocean Groundwater – water held underground in soil or porous rocks

CONTAMINATION Any substances picked up by water Can be helpful or harmful Pollution from human activities can be harmful and cause contaminants to enter water supply Contaminants may be biological or chemical Biological – contaminants from living or once living things that may cause disease, such as viruses, parasites, or bacteria Chemical – non-living substances such as fertilizers, gasoline, oil, heavy metals

WORD-WATER-SUPPLY-N291756

EPIDEMIC When many people in a population or community are affected with a disease at the same time Examples: ebola, bubonic plague, smallpox, influenza, HIV, H1N1, SARS, measles

QUALITATIVE VS QUANTITATIVE Qualitative: describes characteristics that we can perceive without making measurements Examples: colors, how somethings feels, smells, tastes, etc. Quantitative: information that can be measured using numbers Examples: mass, volume, number of pennies, length, etc.

Phases – the three forms that a substance can be in – solid, liquid, or gas

DENSITY Density – mass per unit volume Density = mass/volume A substance has a mass of 14 g and a volume of 20 mL. What is its density? 14 g / 20 mL = 0.7 g m/L What is more dense? A piece of silver with a mass of 250 g or a piece of silver with a mass of 700 g? Both pieces of silver have the same density! This is because density is a physical property of substances. It does not change depending on how much you have. We can use densities to identify unknown substances

ATOM – Smallest particle of all matter The name atom comes from a greek word which means that which can’t be cut

ELEMENT – Made of only one kind of atom Can not be broken down by ordinary chemical means

MOLECULE – A group of atoms held together by bonds

COMPOUND – A group of two or more different elements held together by bonds

ICE CREAM ANALOGY YOU GO TO AN ICE CREAM SHOP THEY HAVE 30 FLAVORS OF ICE CREAM THE 30 FLAVORS REPRESENT THE DIFFERENT ELEMENTS THE SMALLEST AMOUNT THAT THE STORE WILL SELL IS A SCOOP THIS IS AN ATOM I CAN PUT TWO OR MORE SCOOPS OF ICE CREAM TOGETHER THIS IS A MOLECULE THE TWO SCOOPS I PUT TOGETHER ARE TWO DIFFERENT FLAVORS THIS IS A COMPOUND

TRUE OR FALSE A compound is always a molecule True A molecule is always a compound False

CHEMICAL FORMULA An expression that state the number and type of atoms present in a molecule or compound H 2 O Type of atom Number of atoms

ACTIVITY 37: WHAT DISSOLVES VOCABULARY Soluble – when a substance is able to be dissolved Example: sugar, salt Solvent – a substance that has the ability to dissolve other substances Example: water Solution – a liquid mixture that is composed of a solute and solvent Example: salt water, sugar water For a substance to be a solution, it must be clear

SOLUTIONS When a substance mixed completely in the water, dissolves, disappears, and becomes clear, it is a solution Examples: sodium chloride (cups 1 and 2), copper chloride (cups 3 and 4) The sodium chloride and copper chloride are soluble in water (able to be dissolved) The cornstarch and iron chloride would be ________ (not able to be dissolved) Answer: insoluble

Saturated solution – a solution in which no more solute can be dissolved This was observed when some of the solute seemed to dissolve, but after stirring some remained Example: sodium chloride (cup 2) and iron chloride (cups 7 and 8)

ACTIVITY 40: PARTS PER MILLION VOCABULARY Concentration - amount of solute in a solution Dilute – making a liquid weaker by adding more solvent Example: adding water to pure orange juice Concentrated Solution – a solution that contains a large amount of solute Soft drinks (have a lot of sugar dissolved in water)

SERIAL DILUTION If I have a 10% solution, we know that the fraction to represent this concentration is 1/10 (10/100 = 1/10) We know that for a serial dilution, we dilute by a factor of 10. So, cup one contains the 1/10, or 10% solution. Cup two would contain (1/10) * (1/10) or 1/100 Cup three would contain (1/100) * (1/10) or (1/1,000) Cup four would contain (1/1,000) * (1/10) or (1/10,000) …. And so on

ACIDS AND BASES Acids – have a pH less than 7 Bases – have a pH greater than 7 Neutral – pH of 7 (pure water)

LiquidPhenolphthaleinUniversal IndicatorpH Paper Water (neutral)ColorlessGreenYellow-green Hydrochloric Acid (acid)ColorlessRed Potassium Hydroxide (base)PinkBlue So, we know that: neutral substances colorless in phenolphthalein green in universal indicator yellow-green in pH paper acids: colorless in phenolphthalein red in universal indicator red in pH paper sour taste common in citrus fruits bases: pink in phenolphthalein blue in universal indicator blue in pH paper feel slippery/soapy bitter taste

DILUTING HYDROCHLORIC ACID CupConcentrationPPMpH paper colorUniversal Indicator colorEstimated pH 11/10010,000Red /1,0001,000Red /10,000100Orange-redRed3-4 41/100,00010OrangeYellow-green5 51/1,000,0001Yellow-orangeGreen6 61/10,000,0000.1Yellow-greenGreen7 700Yellow-greenGreen7

DILUTING POTASSIUM HYDROXIDE CupConcentrationPPMpH paper colorUniversal Indicator colorEstimated pH 11/10010,000Deep blueBlue /1,0001,000Deep blueBlue10 31/10,000100Blue-greenBlue9 41/100,00010Pale greenBlue-green8 51/1,000,0001Yellow-greenBlue-green7 61/10,000,0000.1Yellow-greenGreen7 700Yellow-greenGreen7

THE PH SCALE From the experiment we should see that for every dilution (factor of 10), the pH of the substance approaches 7 This means that the pH scale is on a factor of 10 so….a pH of 4 is ____ times more acidic than pH of 5 answer: 10 pH of 10 is ____ more basic than pH of 8 answer: 100

WATER TREATMENT 1.Coagulation Involves two steps: Flocculation – chemicals put into the water to attract contaminants Sedimentation – letting the clumps formed by flocculation to sink to the bottom 2.Filtration – removes solid contaminants from the water 3.Disinfection – chemicals added to water to kill biological contaminants 4.Fluoridation – fluoride added to water to reduce tooth decay and cavities

READING A WATER QUALITY REPORT MCL – MAXIMUM CONTAMINANT LEVEL IF SOMETHING HAS A MCL OF 200 PPM, THAT MEANS ANYTHING OVER 200 PPM IS CONSIDERED UNSAFE AL – ACTION LEVEL CONCENTRATION IN WHICH THE WATER SUPPLIER MUST TREAT THE WATER OR TAKE OTHER APPROPRIATE MEASURES