JOSE S. SANTIAGO M.D.

2 Respiratory System Interchange of gases Called respiration or breathing Oxygen inhaled through the lungs Passes to blood and carbon dioxide Removed from the blood and exhaled into the air

3 Respiratory System Inhalation or inspiration-Oxygen in Exhalation or expiration-CO2 out

Respiratory System – Structures Nose and nasal cavity Nas/o Pharynx Pharyng/o 4

5 Respiratory System – Structures Nose and nasal cavity Pharynx Larynx Trachea Bronchi Lungs Pleural and mediastinal cavities

6 Structures of the Respiratory System

Nose, Nasal Cavities, and Paranasal Sinuses External nares Cilia Nasal cavity Nasal septum Olfactory neurons Paranasal sinuses 7

Pharynx (Throat) Nasopharynx Internal nares Separated by nasal septum Eustachian tubes Adenoids and pharyngeal tonsils 8

Pharynx (Throat) Oropharynx Palatine and lingual tonsils Laryngopharynx Opens into the larynx and esophagus 9

Larynx (Voice Box) Adam’s apple Epiglottis Vocal cords Glottis 10

Trachea (Windpipe) Extends from the larynx to the bronchi Lined with mucous membranes and cilia Mainly muscle fibers C-shaped cartilage 11

12 Bronchi Trachea divides into two primary bronchi Secondary and tertiary bronchi Bronchioles

Lungs Top of lung is apex Bottom of lung is base Right lung Three lobes Superior, middle, and inferior 13

Lungs Left lung Two lobes Superior and inferior Alveoli and alveolar ducts Pulmonary capillaries 14

Pleural and Mediastinal Cavities Pleural cavity Surrounds the lungs Parietal and visceral pleura Pleural fluid 15

Pleural and Mediastinal Cavities Mediastinal cavity Lies between the lungs Contains the heart, aorta, trachea, and esophagus 16

17 Roots Adenoid/oadenoids Adenoidectomy-excision of the adenoids

18 Roots Alveol/oalveoli; air sacs Alveolar-pertaining to the alveoli Alveolitis-inflammation of the alveoli

19 Roots Bronchi/o; bronch/o bronchus Bronchiectasis-dilation of the bronchus Bronchitis-inflammation of the bronchus Bronchospasm-sudden,involuntary contraction of the bronchus

20 Roots Bronchiol/obronchioles; small bronchi Bronchiolitis-inflammation of the bronchioles

21 Roots Laryng/olarynx; voice box Laryngeal-pertaining to the voice box Laryngospasm-sudden,involuntary contraction of the voice box

22 Roots Lob/olobe Lobar-pertaining to the lobe of the lung Lobectomy-excision of a lobe of the lung

23 Roots Mediastin/omediastinum Mediastinoscopy-process of visually examining the cavity between the lungs

24 Roots Muc/omucus Mucolytic-drug used to break down thick mucus Water-best mucolytic

25 Roots Nas/onose Nasolacrimal-pertaining to the nose and lacrimal apparatus Nasopharyngeal-pertaining to the nasopharynx

26 Roots Ox/o; ox/i oxygen Anoxia-lack of oxygen Hypoxia-deficiency of oxygen

27 Roots Pector/ochest Pectoral –pertaining to the chest Pectoral muscles Expectoration-coughing out materials from the lungs

28 Roots Pharyng/opharynx; throat Oropharyngeal-pertaining to the mouth and pharynx

29 Roots Phren/odiaphragm Phrenic-pertaining to the diaphragm Phrenic nerve-nerve to the diaphragm

30 Roots Pleur/a; pleur/opleura; pleural cavity Pleuralgia-pain in the pleura Pleuritis (Pleurisy)-inflammation of the pleura

31 Roots Pneum/o lungs Pneumon/o; pulmon/olungs Pneumonia/Pneumonitis-inflammation of the lung Pulmonary edema-accumulation of excess fluid in the lungs

32 Roots Rhin/onose Rhinitis-inflammation of the mucous membrane of the nose Rhinorrhea-discharge from the nose Rhinoplasty-surgical repair of the nose RHINOPLASTY

33 Roots Sinus/osinuses Pansinusitis-inflammation of all the paranasal sinuses

34 Roots Thorac/0 chest;thorax Thoracocentesis-surgical puncture to remove fluid from the pleural cavity Thoracoplasty- surgical reconstruction of the thorax Thoracotomy-process of cutting into the chest

35 Roots Trache/0 trachea;windpipe Tracheotomy-process of cutting into the trachea Tracheostomy-new opening into the trachea is created and a tube is inserted

36 Suffixes -phoniavoice Aphonia-loss of voice Dysphonia-difficulty in speaking

37 Suffixes -pneabreathing Apnea-no breathing Bradypnea-slow breathing Dyspnea-difficulty of breathing Eupnea-normal breathing Tachypnea-fast breathing Orthopnea-breathing only in upright position

38 Suffixes -ptysisspitting Hemoptysis-spitting up of blood

39 Suffixes -thoraxchest Hemothorax-blood in pleural cavity

40 Suffixes -thoraxchest Hydrothorax-watery fluid in pleural cavity

41 Suffixes -thoraxchest Pneumothorax-air in the pleural cavity

42 Suffixes -thoraxchest Pyothorax/empyema-pus in pleural cavity

Suffixes -thoraxchest Closed tube thoracostomy- treatment for hemothorax, hydrothorax, pneumothorax and pyothorax 43

44 Aging Costal cartilage hardens Thoracic cage becomes rigid Elasticity of the lungs diminishes Respiratory muscles weaken Cilia less active Coughing reflex diminishes

Common Diseases Asthma Combination of: bronchospasm, increased mucus secretion and wheezing 45

Common Diseases Emphysema- destruction of the alveoli 46

Common Diseases Lung cancer- malignant tumor or mass in the lungs 47

Common Diseases Pneumonia- infection and inflammation of the lung 48

49 Abbreviations APanteroposterior CO 2 carbon dioxide CXRchest X-ray ERVexpiratory reserve volume IRVinspiratory reserve volume O 2 oxygen

50 Abbreviations PAposteroanterior PFTpulmonary function tests Rrespiration RVresidual volume SOAshortness of air SOBshortness of breath

51 Abbreviations T&Atonsillectomy and adenoidectomy TVtidal volume URIupper respiratory infection URTupper respiratory tract

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