SEA Project Situational Model Development Sustainable Ecosystems Advanced SEA Project Situational Model Development IUU Fishing 1

Indonesia Sustainable Ecosystem Advanced (SEA) project Threat Analysis to Marine Biodiversity Medium/Low Priority Threats High Priority Threats Lack of awareness and valuing of conservation and sustainable use Lack of demand for improved management Insufficient consideration of conservation and sustainable use in GOI pro-growth policies International and domestic demand for marine resources Lack of transparent and accountable governance Corruption and insufficient enforcement Weak or absent policies to support managed access of fisheries (and other needed tools) Absence of shared vision by industry, the public at-large, and government for the marine sector Failure to capture economic rents and reinvestment back into marine sector management Subsidies to the fisheries sector Absence of proper incentives for stewardship and voluntary compliance Weak institutional capacity and communication/coordination across all levels of government Insufficient training and a strategic plan for skill building throughout the sector

Why Illegal, Unreported, Unregulated? poor knowledge perverse incentives + lack of will poor knowledge + lack of will + perverse incentives = IUU. Addressing deficiencies on the left side can improve efficiency on the right.  Indonesia's recent successes represent a quick score. A change in leadership (increased will) led to demand for information (increased knowledge) that led to interdiction and the sinking of 137 vessels dominated by Thai and Viet (2015: 107 & 2016: 30).  To win will require addressing Indonesian vessels, and the necessary knowledge, will and incentives needed to align them to sustainability principles.  Getting there will require:  Expand knowledge to increase evidence *(e.g., fish stock assessments, sustainability principles, vessel tracking, etc.) to increase understanding and align appropriate effort (e.g., gear types, vessel types, spatial planning -- inc. no take zones and MPAs) with maximum economic yield;  Generate will among national and provincial governments, as well as corporations and communities, to enable sustainability (legal/regulatory/policy environment), implement EAFM, and enforce the rule of law; and Provide incentives that provide increased returns for sustainably caught fish (e.g., market dividends, community empowerment), and threaten suitably severe punishment to deter violation of the law  Enable IUU

Key Issues in the Marine and Fisheries Sector OVERFISHING, ILLEGAL FISHING, HABITAT DEGRADATION, POOR DATA, CLIMATE CHANGE Building Marine Affairs and Fisheries Ministry capacities at central and selected local offices KEYWORDS: Kemitraan, kontribusi program ke usaha adaptasi terhadap dampak GCC Sejalan dengan program pemerintah, i.e mendukung DKP melaksanakan mandatnya Sebagian besar program dalam bentuk peningkatan kapasitas  training Semua program masih dalam tahap perencanaan dan desain Komponen CCR = DRR di disaster. In fact saling mengisi dan mendukung (attributable) Map showing level of estimated fisheries utilization by main fishery groups in each Fisheries Management Area (Kepmen Kep 45/MEN/2011) 4

Sustainability vs. Open Access MEY MSY The maximum economic yield (MEY) cannot prevail as a long-term equilibrium in an open access fishery. As long as there are (excess) profits to be made, new entrants would be attracted and effort would expand until a zero-profit or open-access equilibrium (OAE) is reached at EOAE level of effort. From the above analysis, three policy implications may be derived: (a) an open-access fishery makes little or no long-term contribution to the country's economic development since any economic surplus created is self-destructive through the additional entry it attracts; (b) favourable changes in economic conditions or attempts to further develop the fishery or assist the fishermen, result in further entry and hence a further depletion of the resource or adverse change in its composition; and (c) expansion of the resource base (e.g. EEZ). Our bio-economic model of Figure 12 would predict that at least in the long run there would be no fishermen earning incomes lower (or higher) than their opportunity costs which implies that fishermen on the average would not be worse off than other similar socio-economic groups in the country. However, there is a fundamental asymmetry in the dynamics of entry and exit. In a good year for the fishery and/or a bad year for the other sectors, many non-fishermen with insecure sources of income (landless farmers, under-employed labourers, etc.) are attracted into the fishery. Of course, there is no reason why the “right” number 35 would be attracted; it depends not only on the size of the prospective gain but also on the conditions outside the fishery. It is analogous to rural-urban migration; the creation of one job in town attracts several migrants. Access to the sea, of course, does not imply access to the resource; there may be economic barriers to effective access or entry, such as capital requirement, for boat and gear, as well as skills for operating them. However, the peak occurrence of tropical species in coastal areas and the extreme difficulty in enforcing regulations against the use of destructive fishing methods (poison, dynamite, fine nets in nursery grounds, etc.) imply low private cost of entry. For example, the capital cost of a non-powered boat and gear in Thailand in 1978 did not exceed US$ 40, and in the Philippines US$ 60.

Ecosystem Approach to Fisheries Management EAFM Coastal District 0-4 nm district managed 4-12 province managed 12-200 nation managed Province An Ecosystem Approach to Fisheries Management (EAFM) is a practical participatory process to sustainably achieve and maximize diverse societal benefits of fisheries and coastal resources over the long term. Need to manage across ecological, environmental, social, economic & political components & sectors National

U.S. Shift Towards EAFM: 1976-2013 Night Lights Fishing

Night Lights Fishing

U.S. Shift Towards EAFM: 1976-2013 WPP-718

Sky Truth, Oceana and Google Cooperation (Prototype Application) http://www.globalfishingwatch.org/ http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fn2JXmCUo30

USAID/Indonesia Plan for Future Support (esp. on IUU Fishing) Support implementation of IPOA and RFMOs Capacity building to improve ability to combat IUU fishing Access to technology to monitor fishing vessels Strengthen national fisheries statistics and stock assessment Supporting intergovernmental collaboration through an International Plan of Action (IPOA) and at the regional level through Regional Fisheries Management Organizations (RFMOs) for data and information exchange and improving policies and regulation to manage shared fish stocks (e.g. blue and yellow-fin tuna). Capacity building to improve MMAF’s ability to combat IUU fishing, including port state measures (PSM) training and implementation, training for fisheries judges, and training in the use of technology to monitor fishing vessels

Thank You USAID Indonesia Contacts : Website: Address: John Hansen, Director of Environment, jhansen@usaid.gov Heather D’Agnes, Land and Seascape Team Lead, hdagnes@usaid.gov Celly Catharina, Senior Marine Program Specialist, ccatharina@usaid.gov Website: http://indonesia.usaid.gov/en/programs/environment Address: U.S Agency for International Development American Embassy Jl. Medan Merdeka selatan 3-5 Jakarta 10110