Department of Ethnic Studies & Asian American Studies Program California State University, Sacramento ETHN 14: Introduction to Asian American Studies Week 8 Session 2 The Effect of the 1965 Immigration and Naturalization Act on the API Experience / Korean American and South Asian American Experiences

Housekeeping Items Midterm Exam has been pushed back to Monday, 11/2 and Wednesday, 11/4 –11/2: Persuasive, analytical essays –11/4: Identification terms (short essay) Clarification of OBD posting order: –A, B, C, D, E –Person A is forgetful. If person B initiates the conversation because A forgot, it’s B’s turn to post the following week. If person D initiates the conversation because A forgot, it’s B’s turn to post the following week. Lightened reading schedule to allow for midterm preparation

Last Time Revisit discussion on the documentary, Who Killed Vincent Chin? Discuss emerging themes in the Bulosan novel.

Today Impact of the Immigration and Naturalization Act of 1965 on the API community Discuss the South Asian American and Korean American Experiences in the United States

Immigration Laws Pre- and Post-1965 Immigration and Naturalization Act Pre 1965: –National origins quotas –Favored European immigration, particularly Western European countries –Heavily restricted immigration from Asia and Africa Post 1965: –Moved to a preference system based on labor shortages and educational status –Included family reunification provisions –Led to Asian “chain migration”

Mid-Term Format Monday, 11/2 Three to four analytical essay topics will be developed from our class’s cross-group analysis work. You will write on two of them but will need to be prepared for all four. Wednesday, 11/4 Four identification terms. Short essay explanation of their significance to the API experience and the class.

Key “Take-Aways” from our Analysis Work: Social structures such as institutions and organizations and power distribution are closely linked. Institutions function to reinforce existing power relations between ethnic groups. Differential power relations between ethnic groups shape how institutions function. Immigrant communities are often structured around institutions and organizations that were brought from the home country and adapted in the United States. These organizations took on different functions with the second generation. Segregation discouraged assimilation. The dominant culture values material wealth and uses its control over local, state, and federal government to limit labor competition and access to opportunity. Cultural representations of API groups promote or reinforce U.S. national interest and European American materialism. Stereotypes and depictions of Asian Americans are linked to a history of West-East dualism (Edward Said’s Orientalism) often linked to the enduring image of “the perpetual foreigner.” Despite structural differences among API immigrants, groups were relegated to similar forms of labor and housing and experienced multiple forms of discrimination. The relationship between Asian country’s governments varies greatly. The relationship between countries affected the experiences of Immigrants.

Crosscutting Themes Chinese AmericansJapanese AmericansFilipino AmericansPacific Islander Americans Immigrant Populations Sojourner immigrants, Chinese Women Poor from rural areas and Ryokyu Islands First, second, and third waves. Immigration and Naturalization Act of 1965 Samoans, Guamanians/Chamorros, Tongans, Hawaiians Settlement Patterns Pacific Coast: California San Francisco Pacific Coast, Hawaii, California San Francisco Second wave, Hawaii, Alaska, and the Pacific coast (Stockton – Key migratory hub) Hawaii – Mormons, economics, Laie (Country came to them, they didn’t come to the country) Factors that influenced Immigration (Push-Pull) Gold Rush, Fall of SaigonExclusion of Chinese, Agriculture, Railroads, and domestic work Spanish American War, Alaskeros, Immigration and Naturalization Act of 1965, World War II, Pensionados Westernization, World War II, Department of the Interior, 1950 Organic Act, “Land of Opportunity” Family reunification LaborAgriculture, WWII economy Railroads Domestic Services (Laundries) Agriculture, Railroads, and domestic work Alaskeros, The Great Depression, Carlos Bulosan, Agriculture, Domestic service Faasamoa, Modernization, Unskilled; semi-skilled labor (e.g. custodians, cooks, clerks) Country of Origin’s Relationship with US Government Immigration Act of 1965, The Good Earth, Arrival of Chinese Women, Ping Pong Diplomacy Gentlemen’s Agreement, Meiji Revolution, Attack on Pearl Harbor Pensionados, Imperialism, colonization, Philippine- American War, Tydings McDuffie Act American Samoa/Western Samoa Dole vs. Cleveland Exclusion, Surveillance, and Discrimination Foreign Miner’s Tax Chinese Exclusion Act Ordinances on Living and Labor Conditions, Cold War, Hiram Fong, FOB/ABC, Dr. Wen Ho Lee San Francisco School Board incident, Anti-miscegenation laws, restrictive covenants, Alien Land Act (1913 and 1920), CWIRC/Exec Order 9066 Anti-Miscegenation laws, The Great Depression, Watsonville Riot, fight for Affirmative Action Christian Missionaries Great Mahele Community Institutions Family Associations, Paper Sons Six Companies Native Sons of the Golden State, levels of educaiton Japanese Association of America, Japanese American Citizens League (JACL) Catholicism, Visayan, Tagalog, and Illocano, Lodges—Men’s women’s and youth and churces Matai, Haole society, plantation life, and Hawaiian traditional culture, Hawaiian Homes Commission, Council of Hawaiian Organizations Cultural representations of the racialized “other” Hatchet men, Yellow Peril, Model Minorities, Tianaman Square The second generation Japanese Problem, Yellow Peril, Scientific racism/social darwinism “Little Brown Brothers” Allos in America is in the Heart Meed-Freeman controversy, colonization, imperialism, Comparison between Native Hawaiians and Americans Generations and Acculturation Native Sons of the Golden State, FOBs ABCs Issei, Nisei, Sanseil; redressPre- and post-1965; “Bridge generation”

Crosscutting Themes South Asian AmericansKorean Americans Immigrant Populations Sojourner immigrants, Punjabi, Pakistanis, Bangladeshis, Majority men Whole families, War Brides, First, second and third waves Settlement Patterns Mainly Western US, but dispersed Northern Sacramento Valley, Imperial Valley, Tech communities Hawaii, California Early Waves: urban; Third wave: suburban LA county; South Central LA; Dispersed settlement Factors that influenced Immigration (Push-Pull) 1946 Act Railroads Immigration Act of 1965 Japanese Occupation of Korea Korean War Immigration and Naturalization Act of 1965 LaborGujuarato, Dalip Singh Saund, Post-1965: skilled, technical, management, highly educated Agriculture Family business model Country of Origin’s Relationship with US Government British colonization 9/11Treaty at Chamulpo Korean War Student refugees Exclusion, Surveillance, and Discrimination Thind Case Alien Land Act (1920) Hemet Valley Incident Language Gap Familiarity with institutions Riots of 1992 Community Institutions Indian League of America, Gadar Movement Family Christian Church Presbyterianism Family business model Cultural representations of the racialized “other” Terrorists, ”Least Desirable Race” M*A*S*H* Movie, Falling Down Riots of 1992 Generations and Acculturation Immigration Act of 1965

To Prepare for Next Session OBD on Bulosan, Part IV (Ch ) Review for Midterm Exam Bring Reading Notes on Kitano & Daniels, Ch. 11 (Southeast Asian Americans) to class on Monday