 Emergence of authoritarian states  Consolidation and maintenance of power  Aims and results of policies Conditions in which authoritarian states emerged: economic factors; social division; impact of war; weakness of political system Methods used to establish authoritarian states: persuasion and coercion; the role of leaders; ideology; the use of force; propaganda Use of legal methods; use of force; charismatic leadership; dissemination of propaganda Nature, extent and treatment of opposition The impact of the success and/or failure of foreign policy on the maintenance of power Aims and impact of domestic economic, political, cultural and social policies The impact of policies on women and minorities Authoritarian control and the extent to which it was achieved

Weimar Germany: constitutional, political, economic/financial and social issues (1918– 1933); initial challenges (1918–1923); “Golden Era” under Stresemann (1924–1929); the crisis years and the rise of Hitler (1929–1933) Hitler’s Germany (1933–1939): consolidation of power; Hitler’s pre-war domestic policies, including economic, social and political policies; nature of the Nazi state; the extent of resistance to the Nazis Italy (1918–1939): rise of Mussolini; consolidation of power; Mussolini’s pre-war domestic policies, including economic, social and political policies; nature of the fascist state Spain (1918–1939): political, social and economic conditions in Spain; the Primo de Rivera regime; polarization and political parties under the Second Republic; Azaña and Gil Robles; causes of the Civil War; foreign involvement; reasons for nationalist victory under Franco Case study of domestic political, economic and social developments in one European country (other than Germany, Italy or Spain) in the inter-war years

 Peace settlements (1919–1923): Versailles; Neuilly; Trianon; St Germain; and Sèvres/Lausanne—aims, issues and responses  The League of Nations and Europe: successes and failures; the search for collective security; developments in the successor states of central and eastern Europe  Italian and German foreign policies (1919–1941): aims, issues and extent of success  Collective security and appeasement (1919–1941): aims, issues and extent of success; role of British, French and Russian/Soviet foreign policies (1919–1941); Chamberlain and the Munich Crisis  Causes of the Second World War and the development of European conflict (1939–1941); the wartime alliance (1941–1945); reasons for Axis defeat in 1945 and for Allied victory; role of economic, strategic and other factors  Impact of the Second World War on civilian populations in any two countries between 1939–1945

 Essential Question  To what extent was a successful foreign policy successful for the maintenance of power before 1941?  Learning Outcomes: Students will  What type of question  Learn about Soviet Foreign Policy  Success Criteria  I can answer the essential question

To what extent was a successful foreign policy successful for the maintenance of power before 1941?  What type of question does this focus on?  What do you think the challenge of this type of question is?

COMINTERN Operation X Nazi-Soviet Pact

 SL & HL - Authoritarian & Single-Party States - Pg  HL – The Soviet Union and Eastern Europe – Pg  What should you look for?  Facts that can be used to further support the notes in class  Clarification on any ideas discussed in class 2 lessons

 Russian Civil War  USSR is surrounded by enemies  Must have a strong military  Until then, avoid any war in Europe  Self-sufficient  1928 – “needed to catch up in 10 years”  Ideology – World Revolution  COMINTERN – promote class struggle

 Collective Security  1929 – USSR signs the Kellog-Briand Pact  1934 – USSR joins the League of Nations ▪ Shows the USSR is willing to work within the international system  1935 – sign an agreement with France and Czechoslovakia to come to the aid of the latter if attacked Doesn’t this go against World Revolution?

 A shift occurs from class vs. class to an anti-Fascist group  Ex – Operation X ▪ Through the COMINTERN, the USSR sent secret support in Spain against Franco’s Fascists ▪ When the Soviet Union ended aid in 1938, did it impact Stalin’s power within the state?  1936~7 – Anti-Comintern Pact Why do you think the COMINTERN shifted policy?

 Sept ’38 – Munich Agreement  Despite having a treaty with France, Czechoslovakia and USSR not invited to Munich  USSR learns 2 things ▪ Britain and France will appease Hitler ▪ Believe that Britain and France are trying to push Hitler east  Apr – attempted to form a triple military alliance but ignored  Britain and France concerned about USSR’s ability to fight ▪ Ex – 75% of armed forces purged So, why did Stalin turn to Hitler?

 AJP Taylor – only coarse the USSR could take  What did they get?  Ensured the Soviet Union is not brought into war  Time to develop  Land/Buffer Do you agree with Taylor’s assessment?

 Emergence of authoritarian states  Consolidation and maintenance of power  Aims and results of policies Conditions in which authoritarian states emerged: economic factors; social division; impact of war; weakness of political system Methods used to establish authoritarian states: persuasion and coercion; the role of leaders; ideology; the use of force; propaganda Use of legal methods; use of force; charismatic leadership; dissemination of propaganda Nature, extent and treatment of opposition The impact of the success and/or failure of foreign policy on the maintenance of power Aims and impact of domestic economic, political, cultural and social policies The impact of policies on women and minorities Authoritarian control and the extent to which it was achieved

Weimar Germany: constitutional, political, economic/financial and social issues (1918– 1933); initial challenges (1918–1923); “Golden Era” under Stresemann (1924–1929); the crisis years and the rise of Hitler (1929–1933) Hitler’s Germany (1933–1939): consolidation of power; Hitler’s pre-war domestic policies, including economic, social and political policies; nature of the Nazi state; the extent of resistance to the Nazis Italy (1918–1939): rise of Mussolini; consolidation of power; Mussolini’s pre-war domestic policies, including economic, social and political policies; nature of the fascist state Spain (1918–1939): political, social and economic conditions in Spain; the Primo de Rivera regime; polarization and political parties under the Second Republic; Azaña and Gil Robles; causes of the Civil War; foreign involvement; reasons for nationalist victory under Franco Case study of domestic political, economic and social developments in one European country (other than Germany, Italy or Spain) in the inter-war years

 Peace settlements (1919–1923): Versailles; Neuilly; Trianon; St Germain; and Sèvres/Lausanne—aims, issues and responses  The League of Nations and Europe: successes and failures; the search for collective security; developments in the successor states of central and eastern Europe  Italian and German foreign policies (1919–1941): aims, issues and extent of success  Collective security and appeasement (1919–1941): aims, issues and extent of success; role of British, French and Russian/Soviet foreign policies (1919–1941); Chamberlain and the Munich Crisis  Causes of the Second World War and the development of European conflict (1939–1941); the wartime alliance (1941–1945); reasons for Axis defeat in 1945 and for Allied victory; role of economic, strategic and other factors  Impact of the Second World War on civilian populations in any two countries between 1939–1945

 Essential Question  To what extent was a successful foreign policy successful for the maintenance of power before 1941?  Learning Outcomes: Students will  Timeline comparing domestic and foreign policies  Look at the historiography of USSR foreign policy  Success Criteria  I can answer the essential question

 SL & HL - Authoritarian & Single-Party States - Pg  HL – The Soviet Union and Eastern Europe – Pg  What should you look for?  Facts that can be used to further support the notes in class  Clarification on any ideas discussed in class 2 lessons

st Five Year Plan 1932 – Famine begins 1932 – Ryutin Affair 1934 – 17 th Party Congress 1934 – Kirov Murder 1936 – Show Trials 1937 – NKVD Order – Purges of the Army 1938 – Purges slow down 1933– 2 nd 5 Year Plan 1938 – 3 rd Five Year Plan 1939– Nazi-Soviet Pact 1938– Munich Agreement 1937– Anti-Comintern Pact 1936– Operation X 1935– Pact with France & Czechoslovakia 1934– League of Nations 1929– Kellog_Briand Pact 1931– Japan invades Manchuria 1941– Soviet-Japanese Neutrality Pact – Border War with Japan 1940– Soviets invade Baltics

 Aims of Soviet Policy  Collective Security with Britain & France against Nazi-German  How  Ex – defense pact with France and Czechoslovakia  Ex. Munich Agreement – Stalin still pursued an alliance with Britain & France  Ex – few Soviet contacts with Nazi Germany  Historians  AJP Taylor Archives released in 1991 shows this as the most legitimate

 Aims of Soviet Policy  Stalin always wanted a close alliance with Germany  How  Ex – Rapallo Treaty  Ex. Agreements with France were meant to put pressure on Germany, leading to the Nazi-Soviet Pact  Historians  Robert Tucker

 Aims of Soviet Policy  Dependent on USSR ‘internal politics’ focusing on the internal strength of the USSR  How  Ex. 1 st 5-Year Plan – USSR involved in international politics for economic trade (ex. grain)  Ex. Purges led to bilateral agreements  Historians  Jonathan Haslam

 Between , why did the Soviet’s adopt a policy of collective security?  Why did the policy shift in 1936?  Why do you believe a new strategy was adopted in 1939 until 1941?  What influenced the maintenance of power most?  Economic policy  Force  Propaganda  Foreign Policy

 To what extent was a successful foreign policy successful for the maintenance of power before 1941?