The History of Great Britain till 1603 Dominika Rajdlová2/3/2016 FJFI ČVUT

Prehistory  BC - end of last Ice Age - Rising sea-levels separated Ireland and Britain and cut them off from the continent  BC- beginning of cultivating crops and rear animals  BC- the Bronze Age – invention of bronze – an alloy consisting of copper and tin - Stonehenge  780 BC- the Iron Age – better tools made from iron appear in agriculture  500 BC- Celtic tribe Britons coming to England – Romans called the land “Britannia” after them  100 BC- settlements know as “oppida”, iron currency

Roman Britain  55 BC- the first attempt to conquer Britain led by G. J. Caesar  43 AD- Emperor Claudius conquered Britain  120 AD- Hadrian Wall built  5 th century- Romans leaving Britain

The Anglo-Saxon invasion  5 th century - Germanic tribes Angles, Saxons and Jutes were invited by Romans to help defeat Picts and Scots  6 th century- Christianisation of Anglo-Saxon England – saint Augustin - King Arthur  7 th century- Heptarchy – 7 kingdoms  9 th century- wars for supremacy - Egbert and Wessex – Beginning of unification of Anglo-Saxons tribes

The Vikings challenge  793 AD- first Scandinavian attack at Lindisfarne monastery  871 – 899 AD- Alfred the Great – defending his kingdom against the Vikings  AD- Knut the Great - king of Norway, Denmark and England -> Imperium Maris Nordici  1035 – 1066 AD- Edward the Confessor – London became the capital city  Westminster Abby was built  1066 AD– A conflict between Harold Godwinson, Harald III. of Norway and William of Normandy

Norman England  1066 AD- the Battle of Hastings  AD- William the Conqueror - the Domesday book – a survey listing all the landholders in England along with their holdings Successors: William II. (gets England), Robert (gets Normandy), Henry II. (gets money)

The Plantagenets the Hundred Years War (1337 – 1453)  AD- Henry II. – Angevin Empire – Ireland, Scotland, Wales and parts of France  AD – Richard the Lion Heart (also known as “The absent king”) – the Third Crusade against Saladin  AD- John Lackland – era of Robin Hood  AD- Magna Carta signed  AD- Henry III. – forced to call the first Parliament  AD- Edward I. “the hammer for Scots” – era of William Wallace – gain Scotland  AD- Edward II. – “Disaster,” gay king – lost Scotland  AD- Edward III. – Restores kings power, starts the Hundred Years’ War  1349 AD – Black Death / Plague – 1/3 of population in England dies  AD- Richard II.  AD- Henry IV.

15th century the Wars of the Roses ( )  AD- Henry V. – renews hostilities with France – new phase of the Hundred Years War  AD- Henry VI. – tries to set peace, marries French noble woman – Margaret from Anjou – era of Jane of Ark -> England lost the war -> Henry falls into period of mental breakdown  AD- the Wars of Roses – were a series of dynastic wars for the throne of England. - Yorkist king, Richard III. is defeated by Lancastrian Henry Tudor - Henry Tudor marries Elizabeth of York -> uniting the two claims The houses of Lancaster The houses of York The houses of Tudor

16th century Tudor England  AD- Henry VII. Tudor  AD - Henry VIII. – married six times + Catharine of Aragorn -> only survived child Mary AD – Church of England + Anne Boleyn -> Elizabeth + Jane Seymour -> Edward + Anne of Cleves, + Catharine Howard, +Catharine Parr  AD - Edward VI.- dies when he’s 16 – leaving the heritage of crown to Jane Grey  AD- Mary I – called “Bloody Mary” – devoted Catholic – let persecuted almost 300 Protestants  AD- Elizabeth I. – “the virgin queen”  1588 AD- Spanish Armada defeated - “Golden Age”  1603 AD- Elizabeth dies without a child, end of the era of Tudor

Resources   

Quiz  1) How did Britain separated from the continent?  2) What purpose had the Hadrian‘s wall?  3) Who was fighting Richard the Lion Heart in the third crusade against?  4) Who was forced to sign Magna Carta?  5) How many times was Henry VIII. married?  6) Why was Mary I. called „Bloody“?  7) Who was the mother of Elizabeth I.?

Thank you for paying attention! ;)