Lecture 2: AIRSIDE PART 2 By: Zuliana Ismail

Airside Signage

Signage Airside guidance signs provide direction and information to taxiing aircraft and any vehicles and assist in safe movement of aircraft.

Importance of the Signs To show mandatory instructions, information on a specific location or destination in the aerodrome. Characteristics of signs: Clear Rectangular Different colors for each category Illuminated (light up)

To identify aircraft location. guidance signs Runway distance remaining signs: Landing distance remaining Destination signs: To show direction to the specific destinations (cargo areas, military areas, international areas, etc.) Location signs: To identify aircraft location. Direction signs: To indicate the intersection for aircraft turning. Mandatory signs: To indicate that aircraft ARE NOT ALLOWED to enter (runway entrance & critical areas)

guidance signs 1. Mandatory signs 2. Location signs

5. Runway distance remaining signs guidance signs 3. Direction signs 4. Destination signs 5. Runway distance remaining signs Sign Indicating 3,000 feet of Runway Remaining

Weather Information The Importance of Weather Information To avoid flight delays, cancellations & other problems To prevent accidents during take-off and landing Facts Weather is a factor in approximately 30% of aviation accidents and contributes directly or indirectly to nearly 80 % of fatal general aviation accidents. -NASA Research Weather is one of the most influential factors in flight delays, cancellations, and other problems. Weather Information

Airport Weather Stations Automated Sensor Automated Weather Observing Systems (AWOS) Automated Surface Observing Systems (ASOS) Every 20 minutes Observes temperature, wind speed & direction, visibility, cloud coverage. Can’t observe sudden weather change. Every 1 hour Observe weather conditions change rapidly. Current weather, icing, lightning,, air pressure. Weather observations at the airport In the US and Canada, the vast majority of airports, large and small, have some form of automated airport weather station, whether an AWOS, ASOS. Most larger airports also have human observers to provide additional observations to supplement the automated station. These weather observations are available over the radio, through Automatic Terminal Information Service (ATIS) or via the ATC. Planes take-off and land into the wind in order to achieve maximum performance. Because pilots need instantaneous information during landing, a wind indicators is also kept in view of the runway.

Wind Indicators WIND DIRECTION INDICATORS It is important for a pilot to know the direction of the wind. At facilities with an operating control tower, this information is provided by ATC. Information may also be provided by FSS personnel located at a particular airport or by requesting information on a common traffic advisory frequency (CTAF) at air-ports that have the capacity to receive and broadcast on this frequency. When none of these services is available, it is possible to determine wind direction and runway in use by visual wind indicators. A pilot should check these wind indicators even when information is provided on the CTAF at a given airport because there is no assurance that the information provided is accurate. Wind direction indicators include a wind sock, wind tee, or tetrahedron.

Wind Indicators Guiding pilot to determine the correct runway to use for landing and take off Wind Sock Wind Tee To Indicate wind direction & speed. The stronger the wind, the straighter the wind sock. Move back and forth when the wind is gusty. To Indicate wind direction only. To suggest the pilot the runway to be used The wind sock is a good source of information since it not only indicates wind direction, but allows the pilot to estimate the wind velocity and gusts or factor. The wind sock extends out straighter in strong winds and will tend to move back and forth when the wind is gusty. Wind tees can swing freely, and will align themselves with the wind direction. It can also be manually set to align with the runway in use; therefore, a pilot should also look at the wind sock, if available. The function of tetrahedron is similar with wind tee Location Wind Indicators are usually located in a central location near the runway and may be placed in the center of a segmented circle, which will identify the traffic pattern direction, if it is other than the standard left-hand pattern. [Figures 12-11 and 12-12]

What are the Importance of Weather Detector? To prevent aircraft accidents. To avoid flight delay or cancellations. To make management of the air routes more efficient To improve the safety of the aircraft in the air. Importance To prevent any aviation accidents. To avoid flight delay or cancellations. To make management of the air routes more efficient To improve the safety of the aircraft in the air.

Navigational Aid Systems Various types of air navigation aids are in use today, each serving a special purpose. Navigational Aid Systems

Navigational Aid Systems There are a number of navigational aids available in Airports. A Visual Approach Slope Indicator (VASI): helps pilots fly a perfect approach for landing once they have found the airport. VHF Omni directional range (VOR) to help pilots find the direction to the airport. Distance Measuring Equipment (DME) to determine the distance to the airport. Instrument Landing System(ILS) to find the runway and fly the correct approach, even if they cannot see the ground.

A Visual Approach Slope Indicator (VASI):

Doppler VHF Omnidirectional Range Station (VOR) Navigational Aids The distance measuring equipment (DME) system gives the pilots distance to a DME ground station. The pilot can tune one DME station with the navigation control panel. The DME-distance shows on the navigation displays unit Doppler VHF Omnidirectional Range Station (VOR) Instrument Landing System(ILS)

Airport Classification Codes Annex 14 provides the basic specification for aerodrome design and operations. Pilots and airlines can operate to aerodromes with a similar standard or command. Miscommunication can be avoided Safety for the travelling public Knowledge of aerodrome standards is necessary for all personnel who are charged with duties associated with regulation and operation of aerodromes. Airport Classification Codes

Airport Classification Codes Based On Two Elements Based on AIRCRAFT (ARC-Aerodrome Reference Code) Type Of Runway Approach (NI,NP,P) Example: 3C NP Type of approach Aerodrome reference code

Aerodrome Reference Code The aerodromes are coded according to the physical requirements of the critical aircraft The aerodrome facilities must meet physical requirements of the critical aircraft

Aerodrome Reference Code (ARC) ARC is determined by two factors: Code number (1,2..,4) to reflect aircraft operating performance in terms of balanced field length of runways Airplane reference field length (RFL) Code letter (A, B, ..,F) to reflect the aircraft physical dimensions Wing span (WS)

Aerodrome Reference Code (ARC) Airplane reference Field Length (RFL): The minimum field length required for take-off at maximum certificated take-off mass. Wing Span (WS)= the maximum extent across the wings of an aircraft

Wing Span (WS)

Aerodrome Reference Code Code element 1 Code element 2 Airplane reference field length (RFL) (2) Code number (1) Wing span (WS) (4) letter (3) RFL < 800 m 800 m ≤ RFL < 1200 m 1 200 m ≤ RFL < 1800 m 1 800 m ≤ RFL 1 2 3 4 WS < 15 m 15 m ≤ WS < 24 m 24 m ≤ WS < 36 m 36 m ≤ WS < 52 m 52 m ≤ WS < 65 m 65 ≤ WS < 80 m A B C D E F

Exercise What is the airport classification codes for Boeing 747-400 & Airbus 380 landing at the Precision type Runway Boeing 747-400 RFL=2990m WS=64.4m Airbus A380 RFL=>3300m WS=79.8m

Aerodrome Reference Code Aerodrome Reference Code (ARC) No Aircraft type Code Element 1 2 Aerodrome Reference Code (ARC) RFL ( m) Code No. WS (m) Code letter 1. ATR 42-200 1010 24.6 C ? 2. Fokker: 50 1760 3 29.0 3. A 320-200 2058 4 33.9 4. A 340-300 2200 60.3 E

Aerodrome Reference Code AEROPLANE TYPE REF CODE ARFL (m) Wingspan Lear Jet 55 3A 1292 13.4 Fokker F28-2000 3B 1646 23.6 Fokker:F27-500 3C 1670 29.0 Airbus A300 B2 3D 1676 44.8 Boeing: B737-200 B737-300 B737-400 4C 2295 2749 2499 28.4 28.9 B707-300 B757-200 B767-200ER 4D 3088 2057 2743 44.4 38.0 47.6 B747-300 B747-400 B777-200 4E 3292 3383 2500 59.6 64.9 60.9 For Airport Planning Physical dimensions of runways, taxiways, & aprons (width, separation between runways, neighboring taxiways, aprons and building, separation between parallel taxiways and etc) depend on the aerodrome reference code selected for design purposes.